Reaction Quotient in Chemistry

Reaction quotient is the ratio of the concentrations of the products of a reaction to the concentrations of the reactants.Each concentration is raised to the power of the stoichiometric coefficient in the chemical formula. Finding the Reaction Quotient In general, for the reaction:aA bB → cC dDThe reaction quotient, Q isQ [C]c[D]d/[A]a[B]b

The Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wild And True West

The epitome of society is easily represented and used within the context of dramatic plays and literature to provide an easier background for the audience to relate including setting, language, character portrayals, and the issue at hand. Moreover, the same theatrical characteristics by writers can be seen at different time periods, but it is nonetheless, effective in communicating toward the audience like The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wild and True West by Sam Shepard. Even though they differ within writing style, character development, setting, and literary elements, both plays have aspects that pull the audience forth into eventually confronting reality. The two works of art consist of a different setting and character build†¦show more content†¦At the time The Importance of Being Earnest was produced, the low Irish playwright, Wilde, had been struggling with supporting his family and mother while balancing his homosexual affairs with Lord Alfred Douglas. There was pressure to have to rely on Earnest to achieve success and elevate the poor Irish family. When the play did become Wilde’s best hit, he instantly became valued and welcomed into the upper class. Yet, Shephard was already a successful professional American playwright, actor, author, screenwriter, and director when he wrote his play. He had decided to experiment with different dramatic form including the classic family tragedy. These authors’ backgrounds gave way to their technique of writing to achieve fame and triumph, strengthening the characters to what readers even today can experience themselves. While both the Importance of Being Earnest and True West both contained a comedic and dramatic genre, True West diverged to additionally accommodate family with realism. The main problem throughout the Importance of Being Earnest was the ownership of the name â€Å"Earnest†. Yet, â€Å"the most earnest looking person [people]† with the name of Earnest are lying to their mistresses to win over their hearts (Jacobus 784). Supplementary, the main protagonists, Austin and Lee, were constantly fighting, but they were skirmishing over scripts, toasters, and pencils! True West’s illustrated aShow MoreRelatedThe Epithet in the Novel Jane Eyre18849 Words   |  76 PagesINTRODUCTION The present course- paper is devoted to the comprehensive study of stylistic device – the epithet in the literary work â€Å"Jane Eyre† by Charlotte Bronte. The topicality of chosen by us theme lies in the fact that a human being perceives the reality by means of various images. These images exist everywhere: in art, in nature, in thoughts, and in speech in particular. Each of us at least ones created an image. We use different means (stylistic expressive means and devices) to achieveRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesplanning the use of these cases within programmes, care needs to be taken to balance the time taken on such strategic analysis so as to allow the time required to analyse the main issues for which the case has been chosen. Where the text and cases are being used as the framework for a strategy programme (as we hope they will), it is essential that students are required to undertake additional reading from other sources and that their ‘practical’ work is supplemented by other material as mentioned above

Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 25 Free Essays

I’d sworn I’d never go back into my bedroom, but just then, I needed my bed. I spent the rest of the day in it, curled up in the proverbial fetal position. Much like when I’d made Seth leave, I didn’t feel anything. We will write a custom essay sample on Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 25 or any similar topic only for you Order Now I was dead inside. There was nothing left, nothing in my life, nothing to keep me going. Some wise part of my brain said I should cry. I knew there was grief inside of me, grief that would eventually explode. But I was blocking it for now, afraid to acknowledge that all of this was real or face the consequences. This, I realized, was why Yasmine had screamed. It was a terrible thing to be cut off from something you loved so much. To be cut off from the thing that gave your existence meaning. Hours passed, and light and shadows moved across my bedroom as the sun began its descent. My room grew dark, but I didn’t bother flipping on the lights. I didn’t have the energy or motivation. I don’t know how much time passed before I heard the knock. At first, I wasn’t even sure that’s what it was. Then, it sounded again – definitely someone knocking on my front door. I stayed in bed, not wanting to see or talk to anyone. What if it’s Seth? Some small part of me clung to that hope, that maybe he’d changed his mind. The rest of me didn’t believe it. I’d seen the look in his eyes. The resolve. He wasn’t coming back. And if he wasn’t coming back, then there was no point in being social. My visitor knocked a third time, louder still. Beside me, Aubrey turned her head toward the living room, then toward me, no doubt wondering why I wouldn’t put a stop to the noise. With a sigh, I crawled out of bed and stalked toward the front of the apartment. Half-way there, I stopped. It wasn’t Seth. â€Å"Georgina!† wailed a twangy soprano voice. â€Å"I know you’re in there. I can sense you.† I’d sensed Tawny too, of course, which is why I’d stopped walking. I sighed again, wondering if it would be possible to ignore her. Probably not. Even if I didn’t answer, she’d probably stand out there all day, now that she knew I was here. I opened the door, expecting to be barreled into with tears and fanfare. Instead, I found Tawny standing calmly outside my door, hesitant to enter. Her eyes were wet after all, but she seemed to be trying very hard to rein herself in. The trembling of her lip suggested that wasn’t going to be easy. And she had a glow. â€Å"C-can I come in?† she asked. I stepped to the side and waved her in. â€Å"You want me to take you out for a drink to celebrate your conquest?† That was it. She lost it. Sobbing into her hands, she sank down on to my loveseat. Still numbed from the Seth fallout, I had no mental energy to deal with this. Not enough energy to hate her, not enough energy to pity her. I was living apathy. â€Å"Tawny, I – â€Å" â€Å"I’m sorry!† she interrupted. â€Å"I’m so, so sorry. I didn’t want to. I didn’t want to do it. But he told me if I did that it’d pay off for both of us, that he’d pull strings to get me faster advancement and that I’d – â€Å" â€Å"Whoa, hang on,† I said. â€Å"Who’s ‘he’? Niphon?† She nodded and produced a pack of tissues from her purse. At least she traveled prepared now. She blew her nose loudly before going on. â€Å"He told me to fake it – fake being bad. I mean†¦well, actually, I am kind of bad. Okay, a lot bad. I can’t flirt like you. And I really can’t dance.† She paused a moment, as though this caused her particular pain. â€Å"But you were right in saying it was impossible for me to not get sex from someone. I did. I just lied and said I couldn’t.† It was just as I’d suspected for a while now, but hearing her confirm it didn’t really cheer me up. It was yet another reminder of all the miserable things in my life these last couple of weeks. Staring at her, I still couldn’t bring myself to feel angry at her. Partially because I was still drained of feeling and partially because it just wasn’t worth it. Niphon had used her to play me, but he’d played her too. â€Å"You’re a good liar,† I told her finally. â€Å"I could never be sure if you were telling the truth or not – but you seemed to be. I’m usually good at reading people.† Tawny smiled, just a little, with something almost like pride. â€Å"I hustled people a lot when I was mortal. Worked some con jobs.† The smile disappeared. â€Å"Until that asshole dumped me for a cheap blond whore. She had no idea what she was doing, but did he care? No. Dick. He’s sorry now. They both are.† I blinked. I hadn’t expected to hear that. I wasn’t sure I wanted to hear that. Suddenly, Tawny’s initial desire to make men everywhere suffer made a lot more sense – as did the reason she might have sold her soul in the first place. I hoped her current appearance wasn’t some weird bastardization of the cheap blond whore. Because that would just be kind of creepy. â€Å"Well, um, I’m†¦sure they are. And you know, the skills you need to hustle and con aren’t that different from seduction.† Maybe it was the moving and talking, but as I sat there, my sluggish brain began to stir to life and analyze the situation. â€Å"Tawny, why are you telling me this? If you’re working for Niphon, he’s probably not going to appreciate you blowing his cover.† â€Å"You’re right. He doesn’t know I’m here. But†¦but I was afraid. I know it’ll all come out if you tell, and I don’t want to go down with him! I thought if I came and talked to you and told you what happened that maybe†¦maybe you could forgive me. I’m starting to like it here. I don’t want to leave. And if they punish him, they’ll punish me too and – â€Å" â€Å"Wait, wait. Stop again. Punish him for what? For getting you to lie?† I frowned. â€Å"And what is it I’m going to tell?† Tawny was so surprised that she forgot to sniffle. â€Å"About her.† â€Å"Her?† â€Å"That – that hag. The one who came into my dreams†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Nyx? Oh. That really is how you hid your glow. Hugh was right.† â€Å"I hated it,† said Tawny vehemently. â€Å"Every time he made me go to her so she could suck me out. And then I’d have such weird dreams.† Think, Georgina, think! It was all coming together here if I could just put my own romantic disaster off to the side of my mind for a moment. â€Å"You†¦went to Nyx willingly? To have your energy sucked out so I wouldn’t find out that you were lying?† Tawny nodded. My brain hurt. â€Å"And he – Niphon – made you, and – † I stopped. â€Å"Niphon knew about Nyx. You both did. And how to find her.† â€Å"He’s the one who got her to come here when she escaped. Promised her two succubi,† sniffed Tawny. She gave me a puzzled look. â€Å"I thought†¦I thought you knew all that? I heard you were there when they captured her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Tawny looked a little nervous, like she was wondering if maybe she’d done the wrong thing in betraying Niphon. As for me, I was suddenly reliving the battle back in my bedroom and Nyx’s offer to help me get revenge on the one who’d sent her after me†¦. Niphon. â€Å"Niphon?† I exclaimed. â€Å"Niphon sent a crazy chaos goddess after me? Why? Why does he hate me that much?† Tawny’s eyes went wide, no doubt surprised at my sudden outburst. â€Å"I†¦I don’t know. He just said that he wanted to make things difficult for you. Screw up your life. Maybe get you sent away.† Hugh’s words came back to me. All I know is that when an imp shows up and is going to this much trouble over something, the evidence suggests it’s big. My heart raced, and I grabbed hold of her hand. â€Å"Tawny. Did he ever say anything about my contract? Any contract at all?† She shook her head frantically, tousling her blond curls even more than they already were. â€Å"No, not while I was around.† â€Å"Are you sure? Think! Think of anything, anything at all he might have said to explain why he did what he did.† â€Å"No, nothing!† She broke her hand away. â€Å"I’m telling you the truth this time. He just made it sound as though†¦well, like he didn’t like you. He wanted you to be unhappy. Suffer. I don’t know.† Niphon. So many things could be laid at his feet. According to Tawny, he’d used her to make me look like a bad mentor (which I was, kind of) and possibly get sent away. The imp had also talked to Seth about selling his soul – despite my warnings. Seth’s decision to leave me had been his own, true. But, I realized, Niphon had played a role in getting Seth to think about such things. The distraction Nyx had caused – which apparently Niphon had brought about too – had cut me off from spending time with Seth. Realizing how close he’d been to selling his soul had driven Seth away. The fear of how that would affect him and me both had been too strong – strong enough that he chose to walk away from me. â€Å"Georgina?† I made a decision then. It wasn’t going to change what had happened with Seth and me, but it was going to make me feel better. â€Å"Georgina?† repeated Tawny, peering at me. â€Å"Are you okay? You aren’t going to get me sent away, are you? Georgina?† I rose from my chair, surprised at how my muscles had become kinked. No longer wanting to be dressed up, I shape-shifted out of the dress and into jeans and an empire cut sweater. Black. Like my mood. I glanced over at Tawny. â€Å"You want to go to a party with me?† I drove us over to Peter and Cody’s, where the â€Å"evil† holiday party was taking place. I barely noticed that it was raining again. I walked up the building’s stairs like one going to her own funeral, grim and purposeful – and with enough speed that Tawny had to scurry to keep up in her stilettos. When I felt the immortal signatures within the apartment, smug relief flooded me upon discovering Niphon was still there. Peter opened the door before I finished knocking. He wore a red sweater with an appliqu? ¦ Santa on it. It matched his tree, of course. â€Å"Look at this,† he said sarcastically. â€Å"She deigns to show up and join us lowly – â€Å" I strode past him without a word. He gaped. Moving through the room, I was vaguely aware of the others there. Jerome. Cody. Hugh. But I didn’t want any of them. Niphon, standing with a glass of wine, regarded me with curious amusement as I headed straight for him. Considering I usually avoided him if it all possible, my approach undoubtedly astonished him. But not as much as when I punched him. I didn’t even need to shape-shift much bulk into my fist. I’d caught him by surprise. The wineglass fell out of his hand, hitting the carpet and spilling its contents like blood. The imp flew backward, hitting Peter’s china cabinet with a crash. Niphon slumped to the floor, eyes wide with shock. I kept coming. Kneeling, I grabbed his designer shirt and jerked him toward me. â€Å"Stay the fuck out of my life, or I will destroy you,† I hissed. Terror filled his features. â€Å"Are you out of your fucking mind? What do you – † Suddenly, the fear disappeared. He started laughing. â€Å"He did it, didn’t he? He broke up with you. I didn’t know if he could do it, even after giving him the spiel about how it’d be better for both of you. Oh my. This is lovely. All your so-called charms weren’t enough to – ahh!† I’d pulled him closer to me, digging my nails into him, and finally, I felt an emotion. Fury. Niphon’s role had been greater than I believed. My face was mere inches from his. â€Å"Remember when you said I was nothing but a backwoods girl from some gritty fishing village? You were right. And I had to survive in gritty circumstances – in situations you’d never be able to handle. And you know what else? I spent most of my childhood gutting fish and other animals.† I ran a finger down his neck. â€Å"I can do it for you too. I could slit you from throat to stomach. I could rip you open, and you’d scream for death. You’d wish you weren’t immortal. And I could do it over and over again.† That wiped the smirk off Niphon’s face. Behind me, the rest of the room had come to life. â€Å"For fuck’s sake,† yelled Jerome. â€Å"Get her off him.† Strong hands pulled me back, Cody and Hugh each grabbing one of my arms. I fought against them, struggling to get back to a cringing Niphon. My friends were too strong. I couldn’t break free and didn’t have the life left to shape-shift added bulk. â€Å"Get rid of him, Jerome!† I yelled. â€Å"Get rid of him, or I swear to God, I really will rip him apart. He set me up to fail with Tawny. He brought Nyx here, for fuck’s sake! Get rid of him!† I saw my boss’s face. He didn’t like being yelled at or ordered around – particularly in front of others. His face was hard and angry. I could tell he was about to tell me to shut up, and then something in his expression shifted. He turned his attention back to Niphon. â€Å"Get out,† the demon said. Niphon stared open-mouthed. Very fishlike, actually. â€Å"Jerome! You can’t just – â€Å" â€Å"Get out. I know what you were trying to do, but you shouldn’t have done it behind my back. Go back to your hotel, and be out of town by tomorrow.† Niphon still wanted to protest. But then, he looked at Jerome, looked at me, and then looked at Jerome again. Swallowing, the imp scrambled to his feet and grabbed a briefcase sitting on the couch. With one more glance back at me, he ran out the door. Jerome’s gaze fell on Tawny, who was pressing herself against the wall in a futile effort to disappear. â€Å"It’s not her fault,† I said quickly. â€Å"Don’t punish her.† Jerome studied her a few more moments before sighing impatiently. â€Å"Later. I’ll deal with you later.† I wasn’t sure if that was a good thing or not, but the fact that he hadn’t smote her on the spot was a positive sign. Judging from the grateful look on her face, she agreed. Cody and Hugh still had a death grip on me, but after several moments, they released me. I sagged with exhaustion, surprised to see I was breathing heavily. Tension filled the room. Finally, Cody said, â€Å"Where did you learn to throw a right hook?† â€Å"You don’t live through the Dark Ages without learning stuff like that,† mused Peter. He glanced at the spilled wine and sighed. â€Å"Club soda’s not going to get that out.† â€Å"Georgie,† said Jerome in a rumbling voice. â€Å"Do not ever speak to me like that.† I steadied my breathing and swallowed back the bloodlust coursing through me. I met Jerome’s dark eyes defiantly. â€Å"Noted,† I said. Then, unable to handle my friends’ looks of both astonishment and concern, I ran out of the apartment. I made it down one flight of stairs before collapsing and sitting on the landing. I buried my face in my hands and started sobbing. The grief had finally won. A few minutes later, I heard footsteps on the stairs. Hugh sat down beside me and put his arms around me. I pressed my face to his chest and kept crying. â€Å"You’ll get over this,† he said quietly. â€Å"No. I will never get over this. I’m alone. I wish I was dead.† â€Å"No, you don’t. You’re too wonderful and have too many people who love you.† I lifted my head and looked at him. I’d never seen his face so compassionate, so serious – except when he’d yelled at Seth during poker. I sniffed and ran a hand over my wet eyes. â€Å"We broke up. This is what you wanted. You didn’t want me and Seth to be together.† Hugh shook his head. â€Å"I like Seth. I want you to be happy. If you could be together without all the heartache, I’d send you on with my blessing. But I don’t think that’s possible. I think this is best.† â€Å"You told him the only way I’d let him go is if he hurt me, if he was an asshole. Do you think that’s why he did it? Slept with Maddie? Because only something drastic would drive me away?† Hugh looked surprised at the reference to Maddie. â€Å"I don’t know, sweetie. I don’t know what he was thinking.† Sighing, I leaned back into him. â€Å"I will never get over this.† â€Å"You will.† â€Å"It’s going to take a lot of time.† â€Å"Well, you have a lot of time.† How to cite Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 25, Essay examples

Risk Management by Investors Saudi Aramco

Question: Discuss about the case study Risk Management by Investors for Saudi Aramco. Answer: Introduction: Saudi Aramco, a state-owned oil company owned by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is a fully unified worldwide petroleum and chemicals enterprise. In recent times the company is partnering with leading global companies across the world with an aim to strengthen its downstream business and to achieve competitive advantage from its operations in exploration, production and marketing (Company Website). Key highlights: Headquarter: Dhahran, Saudi Arabia Workforce: More than 65,000 workers and employees worldwide Global Presence: Saudi Arabia, China, Egypt, Japan, India, the Netherlands, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, The United States of America and the United Kingdom. Main Partners, Ventures Affiliates: Saudi Aramco Products Trading Company, Sadara Chemical Co., The Saudi Aramco Total Filtering and Petrochemicals Firm, Fujian Refining Petrochemical Company and S-OIL, South Korea Saudi Aramco, on 08th January 2016, announced and confirmed that the company was studying various plans and options to allow more public participation in its equity shares through sale of an appropriate percentage of its equity stake in its main business through listing in capital markets and through Listing or privatizing some of its downstream subsidiaries. In the present report we will be discussing about the Risk and risk analysis risk management for the various risks as identified for the probable investors of Saudi Aramcos and its downstream subsidiaries equity shares in capital markets. After having identified the various risks we will try to create a risk register containing information about various risks faced by the investors, its severity, probability of occurrences and mitigation plans if any. Then we will perform qualitative risk assessment and try to create risk assessment matrix for various risks to categorize the risks into Low, Medium or High risks and prioritize which risks need to be addressed for mitigation first. After having done all the above we will then discuss the possible risk mitigation strategies available to the investors for various risks mitigation if possible. Risks and Risk Analysis Management - Introduction Risk may be defined as the possibility of occurrence of unexpected outcome or loss (Bouchet, Clark Groslambert 2003). Risk can be bifurcated into four factors viz. probability of occurrence of an event, severity of unwanted impact, external impacts and interdependency with other influences or risks. Risks Analysis Management may be defined as the process of identification of risks, assessment of magnitude of risks, measuring impact of risks and implementation of risk mitigation techniques (Gitman, Joehnk Billingsley 2014). Risk management helps in identification of various risks specific to a project / activity / organization and responding to them in best possible ways to eliminate or mitigate the impact of such risks on project / activity / organization (Merna 2007). Qualitative Risk Identification for Risks to Investors The investors in the capital markets as well as the investors in private investing activities are prone to number of risks for their investments in the companies through the route of share markets or direct investments privately. The following may be categorized as the different risks faced by the investors for their probable investments in the Saudi Aramco or its downstream subsidiaries (Merna 2007): Country Risk: Country risk refers to the risk type which takes shape due to the inherent characteristics of a country based on its geographic and demographic features. The major business operations of the company are geographically located in Saudi Arabia and Middle East. The said geographical area of the globe is prone to unrest and civil war situations thus creating a country risk for the investors. Political Risk: Political risk refers to the risk type which is present due to the political structure and scenarios which were present in the country in the past and the scenarios which are expected to take shape in the future. Saudi Arabia is under the Kingdom Rule creating a Monarchy political situation in the country. It is generally observed that under Monarchy rule the business operations are influenced by the changing political policies of the Kingdom. Industry Risk: Industry risk refers to the risk type which is inherent in the industry in which the main business operations of the company are taking place. Some industries are more prone to risks as compared to other industries. Saudi Aramco deals in oil industry which is the worlds biggest industry but is also prone to various factors including cartels for administering the production of the limited natural resource and the prices of such products. Company Risk: Company risk refers to such risk type which is inherent due to the policies, operations, procedures and management decisions of a company itself. It is generally believed that this risk is the most prevalent in the investments and is also able to avoid this risk by having a diversified investment portfolio by the investors. Saudi Aramco since deals in oil products has inherent risks in its business operations. It deals in production of natural resources which are limited and thus creates a limit on the size a company can attain. Currency Risk: Currency risk refers to the risk type which takes shape when the home currency of the company is different from the operating currency of the company and thus forces a company to have exposure in the number of currency conversion transactions. Saudi Aramco investments have inherent currency risk as the home currency of the company is different from the operating currency of the company. The company needs to incur every expense in terms of US Dollar which is the prevalent currency in oil industry. Investment Risk: Investment risk refers to the risk type which the investors face for the possibility of not being able to recover their initial investment value due to any contingency especially in the situation of possible bankruptcy of the company. Investors of the Saudi Aramco company faces an investment risk for not being able to recover their investments due to possibility of company going bad due to such vulnerable business environment in which the company operates. Legislative Risk: Legislative risk is the risk type which is present due to the changing legislative requirements of the country in the company operates. Changing legislative requirements in the country will always have significant impact on the business operations of the company and may also outcome in rise in the action expenses for the company in-order to conform to the moving legislative necessities. Volatility Risk: Volatility risk is the type of risk which is inherent in the capital markets in which the shares of a company trades. Volatility refers to the changes in the market prices that the share of the company is able to command in the capital markets. Capital markets are often faced with the volatility in the prices of share and securities. Investors of Saudi Aramco will also face such volatility risk in their investments. Liquidity Risk: Liquidity risk refers to that risk type in which the investors are able to convert their investments into cash as and when they feel and is profitable to them. As already discussed about the business operations, political situation in the home country and the geographical presence of the company, the future investors may shy away to invest in the company thereby making the investments of the investors less liquid in the capital markets. Credit Rating Risk: Credit rating risk refers to that risk type which is due to the ratings given by different credit rating agencies to the different companies based on different parameters. There are different credit rating agencies which issues credit ratings for the different companies across the globe. There may be a possibility for the credit rating agency to downgrade the ratings of Saudi Aramco due to changing oil industry and other company specific reasons. This downgrade will result in the loss to the investors due to fall in the value of their investments in capital markets. Risk Register and the Severity of Risks Identified The below mentioned table is a Risk Register for the various risks identified for the investors for their probable investments in the Saudi Aramco or its downstream subsidiaries which describes about the probable risks, risks type, impact of Risks, impact description, probability of occurring, timeline in which the risk is expected to occur, status of responses by investors, any completed actions by investors to mitigate the risk, any planned future actions by the investors to mitigate the risk and risk status as on date (Burtonshaw-Gunn): 1. Basic Risk Information 2. Risk Assement Information 3. Risk Responce Information Risk Number Risk Description / Risk Event Statement Risk Type External /Internal Impact High / Medium / Low Impact Description Probability High / Medium / Low Timeline Near term /Mid term /Far term Status of Response No Plan / Plan Enacted / Effective Plan Enacted Finalized Actions Strategic Future Actions Risk Status Open / Closed / Moved to Issue R 1 Country risk may effect in investments to loose worth in global markets External Low Value of the investments may loose worth as the reserves in the country is no longer viable for global investors Low Far term No Plan N/A N/A Open R 2 Political risk in the country may make business operations on the company financially unfeasible External Medium Profitability of the company may take a impact due to changing political environment as the country is under kingdom rule Low Far term Plan Enacted N/A Make cartels in the industry to influence the political situation in the country Open R 3 Industry risk in the oil industry will result in low prices of the products External High Prices of the product may fall to such lows to make negative cash flows to the company Medium Mid term Effective Plan Enacted OPEC formed to administer prices of the oil industry products N/A Closed R 4 Company policies and announcements may lead to fluctuations in the prices of the shares in capital markets Internal High Profitability and prices of shares of the company may be impacted High Near term No Plan N/A N/A Open R 5 Currency of the country in which the investment is valued may fluctuate in the currency markets External Low Currency fluctuation may result in variations in the value of investments High Near term No Plan N/A N/A Open R 6 Investment risk may result in the investments go bad Internal High Investments in the company may go bad due to company's bankruptcy High Mid term Plan Enacted N/A Offer management expertise in the company to successfully run the business operations Open R 7 Legislative requirements in the country may result in higher operational costs for the company External High Profitability of the company may be impacted due to changing legislative requirements in the country Low Mid term No Plan N/A N/A Open R 8 Volatility inherent in the capital markets may impact share prices External High Price of the shares may take a plunge due to volatility in the capital markets High Near term Plan Enacted N/A Try to minimize the volatility in the company's shares by actively trading in the market Open R 9 Liquidity risk may result in less buyers in future Internal Medium Stake sale will not be possible due to less buyers in the market in future Low Mid term Plan Enacted N/A Arrange an investment banker to discuss the ways in which the stake may be sold in future Open R 10 Credit rating agencies may downgrade the company Internal Low Company's value in the eyes of probable investors may fall due to adverse credit ratings Medium Mid term Effective Plan Enacted Discussions with the credit rating agencies to avoid their apprehensions about the company N/A Closed Qualitative Risk Assessment for Risks to Investors The below mentioned table is a risk Qualitative Risk Assessment Matrix for the various risks identified for the investors for their probable investments in the Saudi Aramco or its downstream subsidiaries (Anthony 2008): Probability Extremely Unlikely Very Unlikely Likely Very Likely Extremely Likely Impact Very Low Low Country Risk Credit Rating Risk Currency Risk Moderate Liquidity Risk Political Risk High Legislative Risk Industry Risk Volatility Risk Very High Investment Risk Company Risk Low Risk Medium Risk High Risk As per the risk matrix above the risks faced by the investors can be categorized into three different categories: Low Risk (Green): The following risks may be categorized as low risk category Country Risk: Very unlikely probability of occurring with low impact on investors Liquidity Risk: Extremely unlikely probability of occurring with moderate impact on investors Medium Risk (Yellow): The following risks may be categorized as medium risk category Credit Rating Risk: Likely probability of happening with low outcome on investors Currency Risk: Very likely probability of occurring with low impact on investors Political Risk: Very unlikely probability of occurring with moderate impact on investors Legislative Risk: Very unlikely probability of occurring with high impact on investors High Risk (Red): The following risks may be categorized as high risk category Industry Risk: Likely probability of occurring with high impact on investors Volatility Risk: Extremely likely probability of occurring with high impact on investors Investment Risk: Very likely probability of occurring with very high impact on investors Company Risk: Extremely likely probability of occurring with very high impact on investors As per the risk matrix above the risks faced by the investors are categorized into three different categories according to which the risks can be prioritized by the investors to be considered for mitigation if possible. As per risk matrix it is advisable to first consider the High risk types (Red) for mitigation followed by Medium risk types (Yellow) and lastly Low risk types need to be considered for mitigation if possible. Qualitative Risk Mitigation Strategies available to Investors As per Risk Register and Risk Assessment Matrix it can be observed that there are a number of risks faced by the investors of Saudi Aramco and such risks have different probabilities of occurrence and different magnitude of impact of the investors. It can also be observed that different risks have different timelines for their occurrences and different status of responses along-with different risk status post mitigation of such risk if possible. Based on risk assessment matrix it can be observed that risks are categorized as Low, Medium and High Risks and based on such categorization the following risk mitigation strategies may be adopted for the risks faced by the investors: References Anthony, L. (2008), What's Wrong with Risk Matrices?, Society for Risk Analysis, Vol. 28, Issue 2, pp. 497-512, viewed on 14 July 2016, Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01030.x/full. Bouchet, M., Clark, E. Groslambert, B. (2003), Country Risk Assessment: A Guide to Global Investment Strategy, Wiley: Great Britain, Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=sKx_6770QxsCoi=fndpg=PR5dq=qualitative+risk+assessment+to+share+investorsots=xrM5NsJf25sig=JmCA39DoRrTxNSmeeBs4cGmIB84#v=onepageq=qualitative%20risk%20assessment%20to%20share%20investorsf=false. Burtonshaw-Gunn, S., Risk and Financial Management in Construction, GPM First, viewed on 14 July 2016, Retrieved from https://www.gpmfirst.com/books/risk-and-financial-management-construction. National Research Council, The Owners Role in Project Risk Management Risk Mitigation, Committee for Oversight and Assessment of U.S. Department of Energy Project Management, The National Academies Press: USA, Retrieved from https://www.nap.edu/read/11183/chapter/7. Courbage, C. (2016), The Geneva Papers: 40 Years at the Cutting Edge of Research in Insurance Economics, Macmillan Publishers Limited: UK, Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?id=HugdCwAAQBAJpg=PT68lpg=PT68dq=qualitative+risk+assessment+by+share+investorssource=blots=gb4Ycm3dCSsig=cuHbcxcgEeOuxz-OktLJ102e3tUhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwivo5Wdn_DNAhVMtY8KHbYKDQ04ChDoAQhMMAg#v=onepageq=qualitative%20risk%20assessment%20by%20share%20investorsf=false. FAO, Qualitative risk characterization in risk assessment, viewed on 14 July 2016, Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/3/a-i1134e/i1134e03.pdf. Financial Stability Report (2014), Risk Assessment, eiopa.europa.eu, viewed on 14 July 2016, Retrieved from https://eiopa.europa.eu/Publications/Reports/5.Risk_assessment.pdf. Gitman, L., Joehnk, M. Billingsley, R. (2014), PFIN, South-Western Cengage Learning: USA, Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rCALWobRny4Cpg=PA270lpg=PA270dq=qualitative+risk+assessment+by+share+investorssource=blots=ooqpNk2Comsig=ISQ71h3MHDHcsqKrHBMgO2blKFMhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwiv0IiQn_DNAhUUSY8KHTOQDm0Q6AEISDAG#v=onepageq=qualitative%20risk%20assessment%20by%20share%20investorsf=false. McDonald, M., Ward, K. Smith, B. (2007), Marketing Due Diligence: Reconnecting Strategy to Share Price, Elsevier: The Netherlands, Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?id=v99bAwAAQBAJpg=PA39lpg=PA39dq=qualitative+risk+assessment+by+share+investorssource=blots=GDMxidAe2tsig=Hz7UCx1bXeyPHrytc1BIB0g8y1ohl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwivo5Wdn_DNAhVMtY8KHbYKDQ04ChDoAQg4MAQ#v=onepageq=qualitative%20risk%20assessment%20by%20share%20investorsf=false. Merna, A. (2007), Risk Management Study Guide, Manchester Business School, Accounting and Finance Division Setten, L. (2009), The Law of Institutional Investment Management, Oxford: India, Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-7jn5H9URjUCpg=PA155lpg=PA155dq=qualitative+risk+assessment+by+share+investorssource=blots=tS9jnzIWJQsig=t0Ibas0tXB4QrbUh4hOZULNtgiUhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwivo5Wdn_DNAhVMtY8KHbYKDQ04ChDoAQhJMAc#v=onepageq=qualitative%20risk%20assessment%20by%20share%20investorsf=false. Saudi Aramco, Statement by Saudi Aramco 08 January 2016, viewed on 14 July 2016, Retrieved from https://www.saudiaramco.com/en/home/news-media/news/statement-by-saudi-aramco.html. Saudi Aramco, Company Website, viewed on 14 July 2016, Retrieved from https://www.saudiaramco.com/en/home.html.

Jazzzzz Essays - English-language Films, Jean-Michel Basquiat

Jazzzzz Jazz Jazz has been an influence in many artist's work, from painting to other forms of music. Jazz is an American music form that was developed from African-American work songs. The white man began to imitate them in the 1920's and the music form caught on and became very popular. Two artists that were influenced by jazz were Jean-Michel Basquiat and Stuart Davis. The influence is quite evident in many of their works, such as Horn Players, by Basquiat, and Swing Landscape, by Davis. Stuart Davis was born in Philadelphia in 1894. He grew up in an artistic environment, his father was art director of a Philadelphia newspaper, who had employed Luks, Glackens, and other members of the Eight. He studied with Robert Henri from 1910 to 1913, made covers and drawings for the social realist periodical The Masses, which was associated with the Ash-can School, and exhibited watercolors in the Armory Show, which made an overwhelming impact on him. After a visit to Paris in 1928 he introduced a new note into U.S. cubism, basing himself on its synthetic rather than its analytical phase. Using natural forms, particularly forms suggesting the characteristic environment of American life, he rearranged them into flat poster-like patterns with precise outlines and sharply contrasting colors. He later went on to pure abstract patterns, into which he often introduced lettering, suggestions of advertisements, and posters. The zest and dynamism of such works as Swing Landscape reflect his interest in jazz, which Davis considered to be the counterpart to abstract art. Davis is often considered to be the outstanding American artist to work in a cubism idiom. He made witty and original use of it and created a distinctive American style, for however abstract his works became he always claimed that every image he used had its source in observed reality. Davis once said I paint what I see in America, in other words I paint the American scene. Stuart Davis' works of the late 1930's celebrate the urban and technological environment and are quite complex and frequently recall Legers's brightly coloured geometric forms. Early works depict saloons and ragtime musicians. Titles and images of his works in the 30's reflect syncopation and unusual rhythm of jazz, particularly swing . Jean-Michel Basquiat was born in 1960, four years before Stuart Davis' death. At an early age Basquiat showed an interest and love for drawing. His mother often took him to The Brooklyn Museum, The Museum of Modern Art, and The Metropolitan Museum of Art. At the age of seven he and a friend of his wrote and illustrated a children's book. Basquiat was inspired by Alfred Hitchcock films, cars, comic books, and Alfred E. Newman from Mad Magazine. By the time he was seven he was an avid reader of French, Spanish, and English texts. In his teenage years Basquiat ran away from home often. He did not like obedience. By 1978 he was in with the in crowd. The filmmakers and artists of New York. He enjoyed doing graffiti work using the name SAMO ( same old *censored* ). Basquiat's career was divided into three broad phases. From 1980 to 1982 he used painterly gestures, mostly skeletal figures that signal his obsession with mortality. He also used figures that represent street existence, such as policeman, buildings, and graffiti. From 1982 to 1985 he was using more phrases and words in his paintings. They reveal a strong interest in his black and hispanic identity and his identification with historical and contemporary black figures and events. The last phase was from 1986 until his death in 1988. His work displays a new type of figurative depiction, using different symbols, sources, and content. He was seeking a new territory in his work. When Basquiat's Horn Players and Davis' Swing Landscape are displayed side by side it is quite obvious that they were done by two different artist. In Swing Landscape it is not obvious that this piece was inspired by jazz, as where in Horn Players the influence of jazz is evident. These painters have two completely different styles but are inspired by the same types of things. They are inspired by society and music. They both appreciate the art

How to Break Into the Greeting Card Industry

How to Break Into the Greeting Card Industry Making extra income doesnt have to take hours away from your leisure time. In fact, if you have a way with words, you can make as much as $75 in as little as half an hour. The greeting card industry is enormous and boasts billions of dollars in sales annually. Greeting card companies are always on the lookout for the next best idea and pay contributors very well. The pay scale ranges from $75 to $300 for a few heartwarming, romantic or funny lines. This makes greeting card writing one of the best-paid gigs for clever writers.   Anyone who has ever stood in a greeting card aisle and thought, I could write a better card than that, is welcome to send submissions to the dozens of card lines looking for freelance writers. Theres some basics that writers should know before pitching their ideas to card publishers: 1. Artists and writers are hired separately. A writers input on artwork may or not be solicited. Dont send your artwork unless its expressly permitted in the publishers submission guidelines. 2. Shop markets akin to your writing. Blue Mountain Arts creates poetic cards. Smart Alex creates racy humor cards. Peruse the companys current line so that you dont accidentally submit a raunchy birthday card to a devoutly Christian publisher and get yourself blacklisted. 3. Track markets and submissions.   Refrain from simultaneous submissions of card ideas. Feel free to submit rejected content to similar markets once its returned to you. Create a spreadsheet to help you keep track of when and where you sent each submission. Number your card ideas to make them easier to track. 4. Less is more. Writing cards isnt rocket science, but it is a distinct style of writing. Use words sparingly and intentionally. Cards are written in a conversational tone, not glittering Elizabethan prose. You should write greeting cards as if you are talking to your best friend, spouse or grandma, but not at the same time. That may make for an awkward card. 5. Broad approach has greater reach. Not everyone has had a Persian cat named Pocahontas recently pass away. However, there are many people who have recently lost a beloved pet. To those card buyers I send my condolences, because its awful to lose a pet. To card writers, I offer a piece of advice: Keep your ideas broad enough that they appeal to a large market, but narrow enough that they feel genuine to readers. 6. Request writers guidelines or research them online. Each card publisher has distinct tastes and submission preferences. In that way, they are very similar to literary agents and publishers. Take the time to do your homework. Many card publishers post their submission guidelines on their sites. Some will send their guidelines and current needs if you request them. This is the preferred method, because it clues you in to what they are shopping for in their next line. 7. Follow the publishers submission format. Greeting card publishers do not subscribe to a specified submission format. In this way they are akin to literary agents and publishers, but thats where the similarities end. Greeting card submissions are much shorter and far easier to compose than queries. This doesnt mean writers may fling grammatical caution to the wind. Be sure to follow the format so your submission isnt tossed. If the submission guidelines dont specify a format, the one provided below is acceptable: OCCASION: Birthday OUTSIDE TEXT: Place outside text here INSIDE TEXT: Place inside text here OUTSIDE IMAGE SUGGESTION: Place any art ideas here Marilyn Dunroe, mdunroe@gmail.com, 321-321-3321 8. Search for additional markets. Check the backs of the cards being sold in your local chain and specialty stores for publisher info. Most cards are imprints of American Greetings and other large publishers. They occasionally hold contests, but hire staff writers to create their content. Smaller publishers are more apt to accept unsolicited submissions. Card writing is a great way to earn extra income from the comfort of your home for the small sum of your clever quips. Ready to get started? Good. Heres a list of card publishers that accept submissions from freelance writers: Oatmeal Studios: Style: lighthearted humor Blue Mountain Arts: Style: poetic heartfelt verse Calypso Cards: Style: modern, sassy (offers a line of divorce cards) Smart Alex: Style: controversial and crude humor

How health care cost and the aging baby boomer population will affect Research Paper - 1

How health care cost and the aging baby boomer population will affect the economy - Research Paper Example This paper centers the discussion about the supply and demand of the health care cost associated to the aging baby boomers, and its effects onto the national economy. Finally, a conclusion will be drawn to justify the researcher’s analysis within the general scope of the study. Approximately after ten years, the general population of the baby boomers will range between 51 to 70 years old (Court, Farrell, & Forsyth, 2007). Baby boomers should be enticed to work after their retirement stage. Because of the growing demand for baby boomers to continue their participation in the workforce, some fractions of the national policy should be amended. Further, 69% of the baby boomers are not yet ready to adopt new lifestyles (Beinhocker, Farrell, & Greenberg, 2009). Baby boomers will report 40% of the United States’ expenditure by 2015, especially onto the disproportional division of growth and expenditure in industries from healthcare (Macunovich, 2012, p. 3). It was unearthed that the oldest baby boomers are fiscally unready to leave the workforce and are not conscious about their quandary (Beinhocker, Farrell, & Greenberg, 2009). It was found that more than half of the total population of the baby boomers was determined to work after their formal retirement (Court, Farrell, & Forsyth, 2007). As a matter of fact, baby boomers’ workforce is increasing nowadays. After their retirement stage, baby boomers will still tend to work despite their age (Macunovich, 2012, p. 3). The growing demand for this cluster is relatively high due to economic turmoil that is happening nowadays. Baby boomers tend to continue working because they need to cover up their consumption by gaining no more than 80% of their standard income. As to that, there would be 40% of them active in the workforce at age 65. By 2015, 33% of the baby boomer workforce will reach over the age 50 (Court, Farrell, & Forsyth, 2007). Approximately, 83% of them are receiving social security benefits

Materials Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Materials Development - Essay Example the gadget was made from low-cost materials it will keep on spoiling as it is not strong enough to withhold the magnitude of activities that are being performed on it. Therefore, it is important to produce high-cost gadget rather than low-cost as they will have more features; hence, creating a competitive market base. Producing low-cost materials is wasteful as most of the funds will be used in the marketing strategy, which may fail as the product is not eye-catching. I did not buy my argument because it is not practical to make low-cost gadget that keep customers complaining and replacing. It is vital for an organization to make products that are competitive and that fulfil the customer’s needs (Yaeger, Thomas & Peter 118). I was swayed by the other team’s argument because when a gadget is produced with high-cost materials, it maintains customers as they are satisfied with the products as they have the necessary gadgets to use in the daily lives. Additionally, high-cost products mean that the organization will patent their technology, thus, ensuring that no other products are made with the same features; hence, lowering the value of low-cost materials. Moreover, making low-cost products will mean more clean-up, replacement, which decreases customer loyalty towards the products making the low-cost products

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 107

Discussion - Assignment Example In the year 2013, Target Company’s data were hacked in its stores. This presented serious threats to the credit and debit cards of approximately 40 million customers. This follows the introduction of malware to the POS system in the stores (Cheng, 1). In the year 2014 on January 10, the Target Company admitted that approximately 70 million of its customers faced serious security issues. This is because their personal information were stolen following the security breach. This resulted to several losses to the company. In addition, the security breach at Target Company eroded the company’s good reputation. It is estimated that in 2013, the security breach cost the shareholders at the Target Company approximately $148 million (Cheng, 2). From the above incidences, there were several lessons learnt by prospective business persons, including the Target Company that was the victim. It is evident that every operating business premises should have secure data systems. The data should be protected in such a way that hackers cannot easily access them in order to avoid the losses incurred, as well as the negative consequences associated with security breaches. In conclusion, data or security breach is a serious issue to most companies as well as agencies. Data security breaches always paralyze several operations within the companies. In addition, they always result to huge losses and compromise on the reputation of the companies. Cheng, Andria. Target data breach has lingering effect on customer service, reputation scores. Retrieved on 10th June 2014 from

Features of Information Technology

Features of Information Technology The Internet also known as the Net and is also a worldwide network of computers. It is made up of thousands of interconnected computer networks (a network is a group of computers connected together). A network in the Internet can be large (consisting of thousands of computers), medium (consisting of hundreds of computers) or small (consisting of just a few computers). Similarly, the computers in the network can be mainframes, minicomputers or microcomputers. All computers in the Internet cooperate and work together to provide a variety of useful services to the users. Computers in the Internet fall into two basic categories: host (servers) and terminals (browser). Users connect to the internet by subscribing to an Internet Service Provider commonly known as an (ISP). An ISP is an organisation that provides bandwidth services at some cost to clients who wish to have internet connections in their homes or offices. NetZero, ATT and Microsoft Network (MSN) are ISPs. Individuals also connect to the Internet through business firms, universities, or research centres that have designated Internet domains. Connection is done by: Traditional telephone lines and modem Broadband services which are provided by Digital subscriber line (DSL), cable satellite connections and T lines. T1 and T3 are international telephone standards for digital communications. They leased dedicated lines suitable for business or government agencies to secure guaranteed service levels. The Internet is based on the TCP/IP networking protocol suite. Every computer on the net is assigned a unique Internet Protocol (IP) address. The Internet also consists of domain naming system which stands for DNS. The (DNS) converts IP addresses to domain names . Features that define the internet The World Wide Web (WWW) EMAIL NEWS TELNET File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Internet Relay Chat (IRC) The World Wide Web (WWW) The World Wide Web Know as WWW is part of the internet that supports hypertext documents allowing users to access and navigate different types of data. It is also a web document that is encoded with HTML tags. These HTML tags allow designers to link contents via hyperlinks. Every web page has an address which is a Uniform Resource Locator which stands for (URL). Currently the Web is viewed mainly as a tool for allowing access to a large amount of published information. EMAIL This is also known as Electronic Mail and it is the reason most people stay on the internet. With the inception of the email facility people can create, send and receive email messages to one another around the globe using an email program with an email account on the internet mail server. Email clients usually contain user interfaces to display and edit text. NEWS News is another major feature of the internet. It includes hundreds of newsgroup each newsgroup hosts discussion on a specific topic. A newsgroups name indicates its users special topic of interest such as clothes, shoes, food etc. When participating in a news program you need to have a news reader program that lets you read articles that have been posted on a news server. Articles can be posted for people to read and respond to. is the worlds biggest electronic discussion forum. It provides a way for messages to be sent among computers across the entire Internet. People from all over the world participate in discussions on thousands of specific areas of interest called newsgroups What is Telnet? The Telnet protocol is often thought of as simply providing a facility for remote logins to computer via the Internet. Telnet follows a Client / Server Model. You run a piece of software on your own PC (the client) to use the resources of a distant Server Computer (host computer) Some practical uses of Telnet include: Telnet is a Protocol that lets you use the power of the Internet to connect you to databases, library catalogs, and other information resources around the world. Telnet lets you connect directly to another computer on the Internet and run programs on the computer (provided you have access permission (Username and Password). Theoretically you have a lot of power at your fingertips. Your dumb terminal or very old PC can run programs on the worlds most powerful computers. How is the Internet governed? The Internet is a democratic setup. No single organization owns or manages all the resources in the Internet. Rather, it is collectively owned and managed by thousands of organizations from around the world. Each organization owns and manages its own network, but provides services to other networks as well as receives services from them. There is no master or slave relation in the Net all users have equal standing. The Internet data traffic is carried over transcontinental high-speed backbone networks that operate in a range of 45Mbps to 2.5 Gbps. Trunk lines are owned by long-distance telephone companies called Network Service Providers or by National Government. Local connection lines are owned by regional telephone and cable television companies in the United States that connect retail users in homes and business to internet. The regional networks lease access to Internet Service Providers (ISPs), private companies, and government institutions. Each organisation pays for its own networks and its own local Internet connection services, a part of which is paid to the long-distance trunk line. Individual internet users pays ISPs for using their services and they generally pay a flat subscription fee no matter how much or how little they use the internet. The internet is not owned by any state or organisation and it has no formal management. However the internet policies are established by a number of professional organisations and government bodies including the (IAB) Internet Architecture Board that helps define the overall structure of the NET, the Internet Corporation for assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), assigns IP addresses and the World Wide Web Consortium which sets Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML) and other programming standards for the web. These organisations influence government agencies, network owners, ISPs and software developers with the goal of keeping the Internet operating. The Internet must also conform to the laws of the nation-states in which it operates as well as the technical infrastructure that exist within the nation-states.

African American Women in Early Film Essay -- Hollywood Movies Film Bl

African American Women in Early Film   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In early film many African American actresses portrayed roles as mammies, slaves, seductresses, and maids. These roles suppressed them not allowing them to show their true talents. Although they had to take on these degrading roles, they still performed with dignity, elegance, grace and style. They paved the way for many actresses to follow both blacks and whites. These women showed the film industry that they were more than slaves, mammies, and maids. These beautiful actresses showed the film industry that they are able to hold lead parts and even carry the whole cast if need be. Phenomenal actresses such as Hattie McDaniels, Pearl Bailey, Ethel Waters, Nina Mae McKinney, and Dorothy Dandridge, to name a few, are African-American stars who paved the way for so many African-American actresses today despite the hardships that they were faced with. These women displayed beauty, intellect and talent, which allowed the stars that followed that they do not have to just settle for stereoty pical roles. In early film there was much propaganda and even today, which lead to these demeaning roles that they had to betray, Professor Carol Penney of Yale-New Haven writes, â€Å"Film is one of the most influential means of communication and a powerful medium of propaganda. Race and representation is central to the study of the black film actor, since the major studios reflected and reinforced the racism of their times. The depiction of blacks in Hollywood movies reinforced many of the prejudices of the white majority rather than objective reality, limiting black actors to stereotypical roles† (1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hattie McDaniels, a trailblazer amongst African-American film, acquired many firsts for African-American actors. McDaniels was the first African-American to sing on the radio, first to receive an Oscar for best supporting actress in Gone with the Wind. She was also the first African-American to star in a sitcom in 1951 that featured an African-American actress in the title role (Pax 1). â€Å"McDaniels appeared in more than three hundred films during the twenties and thirties. Her career was built on the ‘Mammy’ image, a role she played with dignity† (Smith 7). She received much flack from the blacks because of the roles she played in film and on radio. Blacks felt that she was degrading the race but her reply was to these views were... ...reen and feel that they are beautiful too. Work Cited The African-American Almanac, 1997. Detroit: Gale Research, 1997. Encyclopedia of World Biography. Vol. 10. Detroit: Gale Research, 1987. â€Å"Ethel Waters.† Online. 10 March 2005. Available: www.http://www.redhot   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   jazz.com/waters.html. â€Å"Honoring Black History Month.† Pax Stars. Online. 10 March 2005.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Available: www.http://www.pax.tv/bios/one-bio.cfm/hattie-mcdaniel. â€Å"Nina Mae McKinney.† South Carolina African American History Online. Online.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   11 March 2005. Available: www.http://www.scafam-hist.org/aahc/. â€Å"Pearl Bailey.† Black History: Virginia Profiles. Online. 13 March 2005. Available: www.http://www.gatewayva.com/pages/bhistory/1996/bailey.shtml. Penney, Carol. â€Å"Black Actors inamerican Cinema.† Yale-New Haven Teachers  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Institute. Online. 12 March 2000. Available:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/cirriculm/units. â€Å"Pioneer black actress Dorothy Dandridge has a famous cast of modern-day  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   admirers.† Online. 12 March 2005. Available:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.http://ohio.com/bj/fun/tv/0299/002827htm.

A Reaction and Analysis of “Saving Grace” by Lee Smith

Lee Smith’s Saving Grace is a novel that features the story of Florida Grace Shepherd, a young Appalachian girl who is brought up in an environment that oppresses the rights and freedom of young women based on the expectations of its very religious nature. Grace, who is also the narrator of the story, tells her own tale about her quest for identity and freedom as well as her ultimate religious awakening. She shares her story as she goes through her childhood despising her father Virgil and the reality that unlike other children, she is growing with insufficient love and care from the people she expects to receive it. Grace’s childhood is bound by religious rules and codes since her father is their community's popular charismatic preacher and serpent handler. She is not free to do what other kids can do, and she is not even free to read anything except for the Bible. Grace and her siblings are not even allowed to read the newspaper as their father stresses that the only news they need to know about is the good news from the Holy Scripture (Smith, 2008). Grace also knows that she is an abused child. Aside from the insufficient affection she gets from home, she also suffers painful maltreatments from her father, whom she wants to respect and adore, but he treats her with coldness instead (Smith, 2008). Because of the absurd religious limitations that prevent her from doing what she wanted as a kid, and due to the agony that she suffered from the hands of her father acting as an honorable man, Grace grows up carrying a bitter resentment toward the home she grew up in. She also becomes pessimistic about the good possibilities in life, and she grows up envying everything that made other girls of her age happy (Smith, 2008). Smith's ability to capture the Appalachian way of life and the reality of growing up in an environment full of bizarre religious traditions has been highly regarded by her critics. Moreover, her ability to mold characters based on the known stereotypes in the society has also made her earn the admiration of critics and readers (Town, 2004). Saving Grace is seen by many as a work filled with symbolisms reflected in the names of the characters. Florida Grace Shepherd is in itself a name full of meanings. Florida is based on the place where Grace was born, while Grace stands for the Grace of God. Her last name, Shepherd, can be interpreted as a reminder of her family’s role as shepherds of their community since they represent the people's shepherd, Jesus, in the eyes of their neighbors (Town, 2004) However, while this is the popular impression about their family, Smith (2008) adds an inner conflict in Virgil’s character. Although considered as a sacred and honorable man, Virgil is inclined to bed a lot of women aside from his wife. He also seems to be incapable of controlling his emotions, particularly his bad temper and rage, which he often takes out on Grace. This sinner-saint conflict in Virgil’s character is the greatest confusion for Grace as well. Yet, despite this conflict on Virgil's personality and attitude, he is still able to win the respect of the people in their church because of his devotion and loyalty to what he preaches. Although he can be seen as a man with normal lustful desires, his ability to strengthen other people’s faith in the Lord remains unquestionable, making him respected despite his worldly sins. In the end, the readers would realize that the title of this novel completely explains Grace’s story. Aside from the fact that the story is indeed about saving the main protagonist from losing her faith and her strength to carry on with life, the title may also say that in all the obstacles and trials Grace faced, there is one saving grace which lifted her spirits up and made her hold on to her faith—her strong desire to repent, to change, and to believe that there is really a Supreme Being who governs and looks after her. The ending appears to be open-ended for the author does not clearly state how Grace chose to carry on with her life. However, as she wanted to start anew, it can be inferred that Grace has met her saving grace which made her realize that being doomed and oppressed for a long time can never be good reasons to give up; rather, they are valuable lessons she can carry with her on her journey to rebuild her new life.

Juvenile Justices

Juvenile Justices Introduction Over the last decade, child abuse and neglect has been on the increase. This fact comes with its challenges and right now juvenile justice system is facing challenges and some unique issues that if not well addressed would plunge this system into crisis in future. It is unfortunate that, this system has not undergone restructuring to accommodate changing trends in society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Juvenile Justices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Laws have not been reviewed to address the ever-changing societal trends in justice matters. Ignoring the facts does not change them, and whether the juvenile justice system acknowledges it or not; there are numerous challenges and unique issues facing the juvenile justice system, in the 21st century regarding the increasing numbers of child abuse and neglect. Increasing Child Abuse and Neglect As aforementioned, child abuse and neglect has been on the i ncrease over the last decade. According to Nation Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse (NCPCA) (2007), â€Å"Child abuse reports have maintained a steady growth for the past ten years, with the total number of reports nationwide increasing by 45% since 1997† (p. 5). This depicts how grave the issue of child abuse and neglect is. According to National Center on Child Abuse Prevention Research (2000), the year 1999 was the climax with 3,244,000 reports of child abuse and neglect reaching the Child Protective Service (CPS). Neglect is the prominent form of child maltreatment causing over 43% of child fatalities in a year. These statistics are alarming and they pose great challenge to juvenile justice system. In 2001, the Third National Incidence Study (NIS-3) compiled results on child abuse in 25 states showing that, â€Å"62% involved neglect, 25% physical abuse, 7% sexual abuse, 3% emotional maltreatment and 4% other.   For substantiated cases, 31 states gave the fol lowing breakdowns: 60% neglect, 23% physical, 9% sexual, 4% emotional maltreatment and 5% other† (Reid, 2001, p. 6). These figures, compared to say figures of twenty years ago are very different. Most recent results are more revealing. According to Lung and Daro (2009), â€Å"information from 34 states representing 67.3% of the U.S. population under the age of 18, an estimated 1,215 child maltreatment deaths were confirmed by child protective service (CPS) agencies in 2008† (12). Interestingly, these statistics show deaths only. Logically, not all the abused and neglected children die; therefore, the numbers of the abuse and neglect cases has to be higher than the deaths. Moreover, these statistics represent only the reported cases, meaning that the actual number of cases is higher than the documented ones. Therefore, extrapolating these statistics to cover all cases of abuse and neglect and including the unreported cases, child abuse, and neglect has up surged in the r ecent past. What does this mean to the juvenile justice system?Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Challenges in Juvenile Justice System The fact that more children are being abused and neglected means that more children will end up in criminal practices. According to National Child Abuse (2010), â€Å"Children who experience child abuse neglect are 59% more likely to be arrested as a juvenile, 28% more likely to be arrested as an adult, and 30% more likely to commit violent crime.† This is the nightmare facing the juvenile justice system. Gelles (2006), notes that, increase in child abuse and neglect means increase in criminal practices amongst these children (38). The greatest question remains; is the juvenile justice system prepared to address the increasing number of juvenile crimes cases? As aforementioned, there are numerous challenges facing this system some of which are unique as exposited next. To understand the challenges facing the juvenile justice system in the 21st Century, it is good to know the structures of this system. This system is not meant to handle violent crimes. Moreover, young people below the age of 16 are not supposed to be arraigned in adult courts. Now, this is the stalemate; young people are becoming violent criminals, they are not supposed to be arraigned in adults courts and on the other side, the juvenile justice system does not handle violent crimes. This stalemate does not annul the fact that more young people are becoming violent criminals due to child neglect and abuse. This challenge is unique in its own. The fact is, the justice juvenile system is overwhelmed, and not unless laws are reviewed to accommodate these challenges, the future of this system is doomed to failure. There are unique issues facing the system juvenile system. According to Colon Willoughby, a Wake County District Attorney, â€Å"because the system was meant for petty crimes – such as shoplifting, – it is shrouded in secrecy to protect juvenile offenders† (Lamb, 2009, p. 6). This is another unique issue. This system requires that juvenile case files be kept private to enable these youngsters to start afresh in life as adults. Unfortunately, the trends have changed. These juveniles are no longer interested in petty crimes like shoplifting; no, they are involved in capital crimes; and what is the juvenile justice system doing about it, nothing. The future of this system is bleak; no ray of hope is coming through; not even the administration can do much because law has to be followed. To cap the challenges facing the juvenile system, Colon Willoughby says, â€Å"I think this is a dirty little secret in our court system. We have violent juveniles out there; we are not able to deal with them, and we do not even know who they are† (Lamb, 2009, p. 6). This is true; there are many violent juvenil e ‘criminals’ terrorizing innocent people out there; unfortunately, current laws seem to protect them. As aforementioned, trends have changed and contemporary society is grappling with issues that seemed alien in early 19th century.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Juvenile Justices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Unfortunately, structures have not changed with changing times and just like the dinosaurs, the juvenile justice system may soon be distinct if it cannot cope with change. The greatest future challenge facing this system is that of structural organization. Willoughby posits that, â€Å"Prosecutors and judges in the adult court system have access to juveniles felony records, but prosecutors need a court order to review them. Moreover, it can be time consuming pulling those files because there is centralized statewide system to manage them†¦it is at the discretion of the presiding judge wh ether to allow them in open court† (Lamb, 2009, p. 6). This statement highlights two key issues viz. organizational and structural challenges. The fact that the discretion on whether to arraign a juvenile in open court lies in hands of the presiding judges indicates incompetence of juvenile justice system. Additionally, Willoughby poses the issue of time consumption in retrieving criminal records. These two areas pose the greatest future challenges to juvenile justice system given the upsurge in juvenile crime catalyzed by child abuse and neglect. Conclusion The juvenile justice system is facing numerous challenges coupled with some unique issues that seem insurmountable if drastic measures are not taken in the wake of increasing juvenile crimes emanating from up surging child abuse and neglect. Over the last ten year, child abuse and neglect has been on the rise and this translates into increase in juvenile crime. Moreover, trends in juvenile crimes are changing by the day an d more juveniles are engaging in capital crimes. Unfortunately, the structure and organization of the juvenile justice system does not offer dynamic options of dealing with these changing trends. The justice juvenile system was meant to address petty crimes, which were prevalent amongst youth in those times. Under the current law, a juvenile can only be arraigned in open court after approval by a presiding judge. However, given the increasing number of juvenile crimes, the future of this system is bleak. Reference List Gelles, R. (2006). Child Maltreatment and Foster Care. Gender Issues, 23(4): 36-47 Lamb, A. (2009). Juvenile Justice System Faces Challenges. WRAL, A3.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lung, C., Daro, D. (2009) Current Trends in Child Abuse Reporting and Fatalities: The Results of the 2005 Annual Fifty State Survey. National Committee to Prevent  Child Abuse, 6(1): 12-18. National Center on Child Abuse Prevention Research. (2000). Current Trends in Child Abuse Reporting and Fatalities. The Results of the 1999 Annual Fifty State Survey. National Child Abuse. (2010). Child Abuse in America. Web. Nation Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse. (2007). 2006 Annual Fifty State Survey. Reid, T. (2001). News NIS-3 Data. APSAC Advisor, 9 (3): 6-9.

Free Essays on Donald Judd

Donald Judd Minimalist Artist I have compared Donald Judd’s works with Richard Serra’s works. They are both Minimalist artists and they mostly use similar matrerial. Both of the artists think of the context before making the installation. They then tell a workshop or a factory about this installation. For example what it will look like, what the material will be and how big it will be. Then the workshop or the factory creates the installations and hands it to the artists. Later according to their sizes the installations are transported to the areas which they will be presented. The difference between the two artists is that Donald Judd usually created really small sculptures compared to Richard Serra’s installations. Judd’s works are usually mounted on walls inside galleries whereas Serra’s sculptures are placed at public spaces such as squares and plazas. The reason for these two artist to make someone else to create their work rather than making them themselves is that these installations are usually made of metal which is hard to craft. Judd usually used aluminum, steel, plexiglass, plywood and concrete. Serra used steel and other metal types. The â€Å"Untitled†, (1969-91) series of Donald Judd is mostly made of aluminum and plexiglass. These installations usually consist of straight lines and simple geometric shapes forming boxlike sculptures which has volume. Richard Serra’s installations usally consist of rusted steel sheets. He usually bends them and places them upright. His most known sculpture is the â€Å"Tilted Arc†, (1981) which was placed at a plaza in front of the New York City Hall. The rusty sheet was drawing an arc and weighed 73 tons. This example of Serra’s work shows us that he gives a volume by giving it an arc to one side. This arc also helps the structure to resist gravity and collapse. In his other work â€Å"Torqued Ellipses†, he has several steel sheets transformed into ellipses. These ... Free Essays on Donald Judd Free Essays on Donald Judd Donald Judd Minimalist Artist I have compared Donald Judd’s works with Richard Serra’s works. They are both Minimalist artists and they mostly use similar matrerial. Both of the artists think of the context before making the installation. They then tell a workshop or a factory about this installation. For example what it will look like, what the material will be and how big it will be. Then the workshop or the factory creates the installations and hands it to the artists. Later according to their sizes the installations are transported to the areas which they will be presented. The difference between the two artists is that Donald Judd usually created really small sculptures compared to Richard Serra’s installations. Judd’s works are usually mounted on walls inside galleries whereas Serra’s sculptures are placed at public spaces such as squares and plazas. The reason for these two artist to make someone else to create their work rather than making them themselves is that these installations are usually made of metal which is hard to craft. Judd usually used aluminum, steel, plexiglass, plywood and concrete. Serra used steel and other metal types. The â€Å"Untitled†, (1969-91) series of Donald Judd is mostly made of aluminum and plexiglass. These installations usually consist of straight lines and simple geometric shapes forming boxlike sculptures which has volume. Richard Serra’s installations usally consist of rusted steel sheets. He usually bends them and places them upright. His most known sculpture is the â€Å"Tilted Arc†, (1981) which was placed at a plaza in front of the New York City Hall. The rusty sheet was drawing an arc and weighed 73 tons. This example of Serra’s work shows us that he gives a volume by giving it an arc to one side. This arc also helps the structure to resist gravity and collapse. In his other work â€Å"Torqued Ellipses†, he has several steel sheets transformed into ellipses. These ...

Vietnam war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vietnam war - Essay Example The loss of the money which caused the withdrawal was as a result of poor planning on the part of the military leaders on what areas to hit and the use of magnitude. They hit the wrong area and gave the Vietcongs the advantage in the end. The media also put pressure on the government to withdraw its troops and end the war after receiving tips on the progress of war, the budget and the number of deaths (Johnson 883). This pressure went international and eventually the government gave in and withdrew. Zinn insists and in great detail that the most important factor that led to the withdrawal was the massively organized civil rights movement against the involvement of US in Vietnam and especially in relation to the killings of innocent civilians (Zinn 484). They also protested against the excessive force being used by the US government in Vietnam especially the bombings and mass shootings by the CIA operatives. The other factor was the fact that the young men who had been drafted burnt their draft cards and even refused to show up at the draft office. This reduced immensely the number of drafted soldiers required to go to Vietnam by more than half. The war could not continue without soldiers and since the young men had refused to be drafted, there was no alternative but to end it. The most compelling is that of Zinn. In Johnson’s account, the US had the ability to borrow more money from other places and continue financing the war. This was therefore no major reason to end the war. However in Zinn’s account, the two major reasons provided have significant impact. If the government could not enlist enough soldiers to go to war, they would be unable to fight and hence being in an even worse place. The civil rights movement encompassing both blacks and whites and massive student organizations would jeopardize not only the

Looking for Richard Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Looking for Richard - Movie Review Example His sole purpose however seems to bringing Shakespeare to the ordinary citizen , capture their thoughts and make them understand the gravity of the matter when it come to these works of literature. To him they are not just forms of entertainment set out to trigger only the human emotions but pathways to opening the human mind, how we think and how our words and actions affect people around us. On the other hand Al Pacino takes on a humble role in the documentary seeking to learn more on how Shakespeare’s works are actually supposed to be performed; he ventures into the difficulties encountered when acting this Shakespearean play and its translation. He learns of the importance of the iambic pentameter which is explained as the rise and fall of the words in a five beat sequence. It is presumed by the academics as the sole key into bringing out the diction in the plays, the accent needed and the emotions Shakespeare tries to bring out in his plays. He then seeks out every character; analyzing their behavior and the impact they have on the play thus being able to come up with a suitable actor for the role. He does this by taking up Frederic Kimball; a scholar Shakespearean literature who helps him decipher the acts of the plays and also helps in co-writer and also elicits helpful criticisms from academics. As a film runs we see the effort Al Pacino takes not only into understanding the play but the history behind it and its writer. He visits places such as the birthplace of the playwright in Stafford and the grand theater in London where the play was first performed with an aim of seeking inspiration for the scenes and get to see the environment which gave inspiration for the development of the acts. It is quite evident from the documentary that picking out the scenes for the acts had been a problem and that it took a while

RadioShack Corporation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

RadioShack Corporation - Case Study Example With stiff competition in the market and emergence of newer technologies, margins of the company are under pressure as of now, but the company has not yet given up. Its product line include wireless telephones and communication devices such as scanners and two-way radios; flat panel televisions, residential telephones, DVD players, computers and direct-to-home ('DTH') satellite systems; home entertainment, wireless, imaging and computer accessories; general and special purpose batteries; wire, cable and connectivity products; and digital cameras, radio-controlled cars and other toys, satellite radios and memory players. RadioShack also provides third-party services such as wireless telephone and DTH satellite activation, satellite radio service, prepaid wireless airtime and extended service plans to its customers (Datamonitor, 2007, 5). RadioShack started off in 1921 with a one-store retail and mail order operation in the heart of the downtown Boston when two brothers, Theodore and Milton Deutschmann pooled their efforts. The name "RadioShack," was arrived at after considering the most useful radio technology at that time i.e. the shipping radio signals2. RadioShack signifies the small, wooden structure which housed a ship's radio equipment. Therefore, it was thought that the name would be appropriate for a store that would supply the needs of radio officers aboard ships, as well as "ham" radio operators. Gradually, the store started becoming quite a useful one in the Northeast, and became a leading electronics mail-order distributor to hobbyists. And it continued to fulfill the needs of the amateur radio operators and other radio enthusiasts for couple of decades. The company also issued its first catalog in early 1940s, considered a luxury till that time. It opened its first audio comparator showroom for customer s to view audio equipment in 1947. Same year, the company started visualizing the opportunity in the hi-fi equipment market and entered the high-fidelity market with the nations' first audio store in 1947. This store provided comparisons of speakers, amplifiers, turntables and phonograph cartridges. In the mid-1950s, RadioShack began selling its own private-label product line with the Realistic brand name, a variation of Realist, which had been used earlier3. The store chain kept growing in strength and by the early 1960s it had nine retails stores and a mail-order business under its name. Soon, it was a leading distributor of electronic parts and products to do-it-yourselfers around the world. Sooner thereafter, the company started feeling the pinch when the company's some of the poor operating practices took its toll and it fell on hard times. The company was later purchased by Charles Tandy, a successful entrepreneur in leather business, in 1963 for the equivalent of $300,000 cas h. And the dwindling fortunes of the company started looking up once again when Charles Tandy turned out a plan of action for the newly acquired business. Tandy opened RadioShack stores in Australia, Belgium, France, Germany and Holland in 1969. RadioShack sold its first electronic calculator in the year 1972. Subsequently in early 1970s, Tandy Corporation started wrapping up its leather business to concentrate on radio equipment only. By 1975 it became exclusively an electronics company after it spun off all other operations into Tandycrafts and Tandy Brands4. In 1986,

Britain of evacuation in World War Two Essay Example for Free

Britain of evacuation in World War Two Essay During the course of World War Two, many people were evacuated, not just children. There were many differing reactions to evacuation. The reaction would depend on the experience you had. Reactions would also change over time during the war and even after the war had finished. One set of people affected by Evacuation was the Children. Many children did not know where they were going and therefore experienced feelings of fear and anger. The children disliked being separated from their parents but put on brave faces so not worry their families. When the children arrived at their destination, they were taken to school halls of town meeting places where the were chosen by their foster families, which they disliked because often they were split from their sisters and brothers. If they had negative attitudes, they very often did not settle quickly like those who had positive attitudes and would see their stay as a holiday. If an evacuee had a positive experience, they would have pleasant memories of being treated as one of the family. Evacuation was described as no better than a paedophiles charter as it would have been easier to abuse children away from home. However, in a study of 450 ex-evacuees, only 12% of them had bad experiences. Michael Caine remembers being evacuated with his brother Clarence. He said My brother used to went the bed when he was nervous. My foster mother could not figure out who it was so she beat both of us, and Clarence became more nervous and wet the bed more. However, not all experiences were bad. On ex-evacuees remembers being given clothes when he was evacuated. A childs reaction to evacuation would depend on their experiences while in care. Another set of people who were affected by evacuation was the childrens parents. Most parents were reluctant to send their children away but agreed because of propaganda. Not all parents sent their children away though. Some parents thought that their children were safe in their family home. However, most parents brought their children home due to the phoney war. But the children were evacuated again when the Blitz happened, although the scale of evacuation was not as large as the first wave in September 1939. Thanks to the Blitz, many parents changed their opinions on evacuation, now agreeing that it was probably best for their children.

Impact Of Internet Advertising On Television Advertising

Impact Of Internet Advertising On Television Advertising Various techniques and methods have been used by advertisers to convey the message their product is meant for and to create a brand image. This paper basically deals with the evolution of advertising, the typesof advertising and concentrating on the two most important types i.e. television and internet advertising. A comparison has been done of the two major types of advertising and the impact of internet advertising on television advertising is shown. EVOLUTION OF ADVERTISING: Earlier the capitalists ruled the market and early advertising was done by simple announcement of goods or services available in the traditional placard style. The government stepped in to counterweight the monopoly created by capitalism, but nature despises a vacuum and eventually the competing force came along. Once they realised that they were dependent on a single economy, the adversarial entities also got into the advertising game in order to attract business by this means rather than debasing the market, consumers and each other. The mass production of posters and circulars was initiated after the invention of Gutenbergs printing press in 1450. The first advertisment was a handbill, printed in Englishand introduced in 1472. The main purpose of this handbill was to propagate about the sale of a prayer book.This followed by the first newspaper ad, offering a prize money for finding 12 stolen horses, 200 years later.Classified ads started appearing frequently in Englands newsletter by the 17th century.These ads just consisted of the description of the product and their price whereas color and illustrations were introduced in the late 19th century. The commision system i.e. giving a discount of 25% on the ad space in newspapers, was introduced by the first advertising agency which was set up in 1841 by Volney Palmer in Boston. The concept of space selling initiated from here. The first full-service advertising agency was N.W.Ayer Son, established in 1869. Pears Soap launched one of the initial highly successful advertising campaigns. Thomas Barratt, Father of modern advertising, introduced a series of advertisements that featured children, nature and beautiful women, in order to promote the companys product. The influential inventions that have helped to shape media and in turn advertising are: Printing press: Broadcast of information done in the form of words through different newspapers and magazines. Radio: With the invention of radio, for the first time, advertising was heard and not just seen. The sales of products advertised on radio increased since every home in America was in a possession of a radio. The advertisers started promoting their products with the advent of jingles. Television: The invention changed everything. Invented in 1920s, television became popular in 1950s after the decrease in price. With this invention print and radio had to take a backseat as for the first time a commercial message was broadcasted with sight, sound as well as motion. Internet: The invention of internet technology has made the jobs of the advertisers quite easier and more effective as it is a very powerful and fast growing communication medium that provides the consumer with easy and quick access to information and knowledge. WHAT IS ADVERTISING? Advertising can be explained as the promotion of ideas, goods or services which results in the promotion of companies. The demand of the product can be increased by promoting about the product through advertising. Some find advertising to be an unnecessary assault on their senses-typified by either a billboard distorting a beautiful landscape or a loud-mouthed boor hard selling something they dont need. Others find it an unnecessary economic burden-the one that inflates the price of everything that is being bought. But advertising actually tends to take many forms apart from the various definitions given to it. It includes communication that evidently attempts to facilitate a transaction, reaction or action. Social interactions do not necessarily have the variant of advertising in it but industrial democratic societies revolve around it. Word of mouth is not an appropriate way to sell mass produced products-they must be delivered to distant consumers who have knowledge about them. Similarly an industrialized democratic society cannot operate/survive without competition or the ability of varied competitors to offer alternatives. Mass production, then, is nothing but freedom of speech, long distance. Advertising can be seen as a promoting strategy for a companys products in order to drive sales and services but also to create a brand identity and to communicate changes to the new product/service to the customers. Advertising has become an integral part of the corporate world and hence companies invest a considerable amount of revenue on it as their advertising budget. The various reasons for advertising are: There are various reasons and media which can be used for advertising. On this basis there are several branches of advertising. Print Advertising Newspapers, Brochures ,Magazines, Fliers It is one of the most popular and common means of advertising. The advertising space is sold according to the position of the advertisement, the area occupied by the advertisement and the readership of the publications. Print media also offers promotional brochures and fliers for advertising purposes. Example: Outdoor Advertising Billboards, Tradeshows and Events, Kiosks. It also a very popular medium for advertising attracting the outdoor customers through the use of billboards, kiosks and various events and tradeshows organized by the company. Example: Broadcast advertising -Radio, Television and the Internet Television, radio and the internet make this medium of advertising very popular amongst the various types of customers. The popularity of television advertisements was seen to grow right after the moment they were introduced. The total cost depends on time of broadcast, the span of the advertisement and the popularity of the television channel on which it is to be broadcasted. Example: Vodafone Essar initiated the Zoozoo campaign and won three awards including two gold and one silver at the AME awards ceremony held in Shanghai. The radio has been decreasing in popularity ever since television and internet advertising have been introduced, but still certain small-scale advertisers prefer them. Covert Advertising Advertising in Movies This is a special type of advertising in which a brand or product is integrated in some entertainment channels like television shows, movies or sports. There is no commercial specifying about the product or brand in the entertainment but it is evidently or subtly showcased in the entertainment show. Examples of covert advertising are: The American Idol judges: Paula, Randy and Simon all sitting at their large desk and drinking out of a large cup that says Coca-Cola. BMW, Ford and Ashton Martin cars were featured in the recent James Bond movie Casino Royale. Surrogate Advertising Advertising Indirectly It is prominently used in scenarios where advertising a particular product has been banned by the law. Products like alcohol and cigarettes are prohibited any kind of advertisement in several countries due to the injurious effect of these products on the health of people. These products have to innovatively come up with many other products that might have the same brand name and which will indirectly remind people of the cigarettes or alcohol of the same brand. Example: Kingfisher and Fosters are beer brands that use surrogate advertising to advertise their products. Public Service Advertising Advertising for Social Causes It is a technique that uses advertising to convey and promote social messages and issues like global warming, AIDS, poverty, illiteracy, energy conservation, etc. David Oglivy, one of the founders of marketing and advertising concepts, encouraged the use of advertising for a social cause. He once quoted: Advertising justifies its existence when used in the public interest it is much too powerful a tool to use solely for commercial purposes. Example: Celebrity Advertising: The modern day consumer is gradually getting immune to the claims made in various advertisements but there is still a section of advertisers that depend on the celebrities and the popularity that they bring along with them. Celebrity advertising involves signing up celebrities for various ad campaigns which includes television ads and print ads. Example: TELEVISION ADVERTISING HISTORY: Broadcasting developed with companies selling radios but gradually the companies realised that many households listened to radios for a significant amount of time everyday. These companies started a way to explore this medium as a way to convey their message across to the masses. Radio broadcasting began with radio program broadcast by station WEAF in the New York City on August 28, 1922. It was a 10 minute advertisement for the suburban apartment housing. By the late 20s radio advertising had advanced dramatically and was dominating the advertising world. The utilised the creative component to sell one product or another. This paved way for genesis of television advertising that was predicted to begin in a few more decades. It took United States a long time to recover from the Depression and the World War II which resulted in the gradual hold of the full time telecating until 1948. As television was totally a new phenomenon i.e. the one offering sound and moving pictures, the advertising sector moved very vigilantly into this domain as they were not sure what method would work best to promote their rpoducts on television to their customers. After doing extensive research through study and surveys, the advertising agencies concluded that the most effective way, at that moment, to reach their consumers was by creating shows that featured a single product or a line of products from a single company. This concept gave rise to television shows of the 1950s like Colgate Comedy Hour, Kraft Television Theater and Coke time. As the television gained popularity with more and more people watching it, the television networks raised the cost of doing business and this led to the increase of the cost incurred for telecasting a product on television forcing a massive change between the relationship of advertising agencies, the sponsors/clients and television networks. Sylvester Pat Weaver, NBC executive, introduced the magazine concept according to which the sponsors would purchase blocks of time in a show instead of sponsoring an entire show. This idea was resisted by Masison Avenue but after experimentation it was seen that this was an effective method in case of various packaged-goods companies manufacturing an abundance of brand names like Procter and Gamble with products like Jif (peanut butter), Tide (detergent) and Crest (toothpaste). The magazine concept dominated the television advertising by 1960 and from thereon. In order to reach maximum number of consumers, sponsors spread their messages across the schedule of various television shows. The evolution of the magazine concept marked the birth of most modern television advertising. CATEGORIES OF TELEVISION ADVERTISING: PROS AND CONS OF TELEVISION ADVERTISING: PROS: CONS: A lot of people can be reached on an international, national as well as regional level in a short period of time. Viewers may not view the commercial if it is not interesting. Different segments of people can be targeted with ease through one medium at the same time. The exposure is limited due to a specified amout of airtime and ad clutter and amount of information communicated is less. Helps to convey the message across with the help of sight, sound and motion and reach different targeted audiences easily. In order for the consumer to retain the advertisement and act, the exposure should not be restricted to a few numbers. The advertisement needs to reach the viewer minimum 5-7 times or else it will result in nothing but a waste of money. People are not loyal to one channel. Availability of various channels due to cable leads to various choices and so it becomes difficult for an advertiser to know the exact viewership for a particular program in order to reach maximum number of people. It is not necessary that a viewer may indulge in watching commercials during a break. Infact he may end up doing lot of other things like going to the bathroom, getting a snack or having a conversation with someone The relative cost of commercials is higher since it is dominant in the area of influence and the cost depends on creativity, airtime and production. INTERNET ADVERTISING: With the advancement and development in technology came the internet, which is considered to be the most efficient channel for communication. Internet was not considered as a serious option for advertising as the websites were expensive and was mainly funded by government and various academic institutions. But nowadays internet advertising has become one the most popular medium and the websites that did not support this did not survive. Internet advertising followed the commencement of the World Wide Web. The World Wide Web was introduced in 1991 by CERN located in Switzerland. It acted as an easily accessible medium for various companies to market their products. Online advertising experienced a rapid boom and by 2001, top companies like Yahoo!, Microsoft, American Online and Amazon managed to attain a viewership of around 125-442 million viewers. Originally advertisers had to pay to advertise on the internet, mostly in the manner of a banner at the top of a webpage.But nowadays they have to pay depending on the number of clicks their ad receives. The initial web ads were banners which were nothing but horizontal adverts located across the top of the webpage. But with the rapid evolution of the internet, the concept of banners also progressed. Now the information of the advertiser could be obtained just by scrolling the mouse over the banner. Some banners even contain short videos that show the product in action. The advertisers and webmasters found new ways of placing the ads on the internet apart from banners. The ads could now be included within the content of the page, vertical banners and small buttons. Vertical banners became very famous with the advertisers as the viewer can see the ad while scrolling down a long page. Earlier all these advertisements were encoded by the webmaster and then added to the webpage but nowadays there are third party organisations who do the job of putting the ads into the webpage. Internet advertising has become a necessity for all kinds of organizations, big or small, and it is a rare situation to not find a marketing department of a large firm that does not include an e-Advertising group. Although it is the most feasible way to advertise, still internet advertising accounts for just 2% of all the advertising spending in the economy today.This is mostly because of ths fact that internet advertisements are much cheaper than the television, radio or print advertisements. TYPES OF INTERNET ADVERTISING: BANNER ADS: Their main purpose is to do branding so that the consumer can recall it later and the other one is to ensure direct sales by either just clicking on the banner or calling the number given in the banner or just visiting the sales location mentioned. Example: UNICAST ADS: These type of ads pop-up and demonstrate something similar to a miniature television commercial. If the consumer is interested in the ad and wants to learn more about the product, then he can do so by clicking on the ad. Example: SIDEBAR ADS: These are the ads that are placed vertically on the computer screen and are generally known as skyscraper ads. They are larger than the banner ads and are more effective then them since they cannot be scrolled off the screen and so the time for which the viewer is on a particular page; he has to bear the sidebar ad. Example: BLOGGING: Blog is a type of website that used to maintain various comment entries, description of events or products and different materials like videos and graphics. Example: POP-UP ADS: These are ads that pop-up in another window and are more revenue generating then the banner ads. Example: SEARCH ENGINE SUBMISSION: This is done by submitting your site to different search engines and works better with smaller search engines. SEARCH ENGINE OPTIMIZATION: This strategy works by getting your website ranked amongst the top websites which makes it a point that someone is likely to visit your website. TEXT LINKS: These are links which the viewer can click to visit another site. Owners of two websites can agree to swap links meaning that both of them install a link on the other owners site. FLOATING ADS: These ads pop-up on the screen and then drift anywhere within a timespan of 5-30 seconds. Example: IMPACT OF INTERNET ADVERTISING ON TELEVISION ADVERTISING: The advertising industry has been dominated by the television industry for all these years until recently with the advent of internet which resulted in a social boom as the social networks provided viewers with online movies and video. A huge amount of time is spent by the viewers on the internet then watching television. Internet helps to satisfy particular interests of people more completely which television fails to do. The internet provides the viewers with more and a better choice which gives them immediate satisfaction by helping them concentrate on the subject they are looking for at that moment. The monopoly of television over its viewers is no longer prevalent and is gradually decreasing. The use of DVRs has also led viewers to switch from television to internet as the DVR owners are now skipping all the television commercials. Television ads are found to be long, troublesome and easily avoidable whereas there are certain types of internet advertising which cannot be avoided and it must be watched since it is brief and interesting. The marketers are now accomodating as much as 20% of their advertising budget to internet advertising as internet advertising is more interesting and affects the brand image in a completely different manner as compared to television advertising. Also, different viewers can view different advertisements on the same webpage while browsing through the internet whereas this option is not available with television advertising. Advertisers have realised that internet works as a direct communication medium with their customers and that providing them with useful information about their products, helps them build a customer database for their future use. The major characteristics of internet advertising that distinguishes it from television advertising are: CONCLUSION: In order to reap the benefits of information technology, Internet works as a stepping-stone. The future of internet advertising is very bright and advertisers should refocus their ideologies about advertising in relation to the use of internet and the policy pertaining to privatizing the internet service. The popularity of the internet can be seen by the usage in different regions depicted in the graph below: As it has been shown above that internet is gradually taking over the advertising market and destroying the monopoly of television advertising, we can easily say that internet advertising can turn out to be the new leader of advertising and entertainment in future.