Reaction Quotient in Chemistry

Reaction quotient is the ratio of the concentrations of the products of a reaction to the concentrations of the reactants.Each concentration is raised to the power of the stoichiometric coefficient in the chemical formula. Finding the Reaction Quotient In general, for the reaction:aA bB → cC dDThe reaction quotient, Q isQ [C]c[D]d/[A]a[B]b

The Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wild And True West

The epitome of society is easily represented and used within the context of dramatic plays and literature to provide an easier background for the audience to relate including setting, language, character portrayals, and the issue at hand. Moreover, the same theatrical characteristics by writers can be seen at different time periods, but it is nonetheless, effective in communicating toward the audience like The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wild and True West by Sam Shepard. Even though they differ within writing style, character development, setting, and literary elements, both plays have aspects that pull the audience forth into eventually confronting reality. The two works of art consist of a different setting and character build†¦show more content†¦At the time The Importance of Being Earnest was produced, the low Irish playwright, Wilde, had been struggling with supporting his family and mother while balancing his homosexual affairs with Lord Alfred Douglas. There was pressure to have to rely on Earnest to achieve success and elevate the poor Irish family. When the play did become Wilde’s best hit, he instantly became valued and welcomed into the upper class. Yet, Shephard was already a successful professional American playwright, actor, author, screenwriter, and director when he wrote his play. He had decided to experiment with different dramatic form including the classic family tragedy. These authors’ backgrounds gave way to their technique of writing to achieve fame and triumph, strengthening the characters to what readers even today can experience themselves. While both the Importance of Being Earnest and True West both contained a comedic and dramatic genre, True West diverged to additionally accommodate family with realism. The main problem throughout the Importance of Being Earnest was the ownership of the name â€Å"Earnest†. Yet, â€Å"the most earnest looking person [people]† with the name of Earnest are lying to their mistresses to win over their hearts (Jacobus 784). Supplementary, the main protagonists, Austin and Lee, were constantly fighting, but they were skirmishing over scripts, toasters, and pencils! True West’s illustrated aShow MoreRelatedThe Epithet in the Novel Jane Eyre18849 Words   |  76 PagesINTRODUCTION The present course- paper is devoted to the comprehensive study of stylistic device – the epithet in the literary work â€Å"Jane Eyre† by Charlotte Bronte. The topicality of chosen by us theme lies in the fact that a human being perceives the reality by means of various images. These images exist everywhere: in art, in nature, in thoughts, and in speech in particular. Each of us at least ones created an image. We use different means (stylistic expressive means and devices) to achieveRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesplanning the use of these cases within programmes, care needs to be taken to balance the time taken on such strategic analysis so as to allow the time required to analyse the main issues for which the case has been chosen. Where the text and cases are being used as the framework for a strategy programme (as we hope they will), it is essential that students are required to undertake additional reading from other sources and that their ‘practical’ work is supplemented by other material as mentioned above

Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 25 Free Essays

I’d sworn I’d never go back into my bedroom, but just then, I needed my bed. I spent the rest of the day in it, curled up in the proverbial fetal position. Much like when I’d made Seth leave, I didn’t feel anything. We will write a custom essay sample on Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 25 or any similar topic only for you Order Now I was dead inside. There was nothing left, nothing in my life, nothing to keep me going. Some wise part of my brain said I should cry. I knew there was grief inside of me, grief that would eventually explode. But I was blocking it for now, afraid to acknowledge that all of this was real or face the consequences. This, I realized, was why Yasmine had screamed. It was a terrible thing to be cut off from something you loved so much. To be cut off from the thing that gave your existence meaning. Hours passed, and light and shadows moved across my bedroom as the sun began its descent. My room grew dark, but I didn’t bother flipping on the lights. I didn’t have the energy or motivation. I don’t know how much time passed before I heard the knock. At first, I wasn’t even sure that’s what it was. Then, it sounded again – definitely someone knocking on my front door. I stayed in bed, not wanting to see or talk to anyone. What if it’s Seth? Some small part of me clung to that hope, that maybe he’d changed his mind. The rest of me didn’t believe it. I’d seen the look in his eyes. The resolve. He wasn’t coming back. And if he wasn’t coming back, then there was no point in being social. My visitor knocked a third time, louder still. Beside me, Aubrey turned her head toward the living room, then toward me, no doubt wondering why I wouldn’t put a stop to the noise. With a sigh, I crawled out of bed and stalked toward the front of the apartment. Half-way there, I stopped. It wasn’t Seth. â€Å"Georgina!† wailed a twangy soprano voice. â€Å"I know you’re in there. I can sense you.† I’d sensed Tawny too, of course, which is why I’d stopped walking. I sighed again, wondering if it would be possible to ignore her. Probably not. Even if I didn’t answer, she’d probably stand out there all day, now that she knew I was here. I opened the door, expecting to be barreled into with tears and fanfare. Instead, I found Tawny standing calmly outside my door, hesitant to enter. Her eyes were wet after all, but she seemed to be trying very hard to rein herself in. The trembling of her lip suggested that wasn’t going to be easy. And she had a glow. â€Å"C-can I come in?† she asked. I stepped to the side and waved her in. â€Å"You want me to take you out for a drink to celebrate your conquest?† That was it. She lost it. Sobbing into her hands, she sank down on to my loveseat. Still numbed from the Seth fallout, I had no mental energy to deal with this. Not enough energy to hate her, not enough energy to pity her. I was living apathy. â€Å"Tawny, I – â€Å" â€Å"I’m sorry!† she interrupted. â€Å"I’m so, so sorry. I didn’t want to. I didn’t want to do it. But he told me if I did that it’d pay off for both of us, that he’d pull strings to get me faster advancement and that I’d – â€Å" â€Å"Whoa, hang on,† I said. â€Å"Who’s ‘he’? Niphon?† She nodded and produced a pack of tissues from her purse. At least she traveled prepared now. She blew her nose loudly before going on. â€Å"He told me to fake it – fake being bad. I mean†¦well, actually, I am kind of bad. Okay, a lot bad. I can’t flirt like you. And I really can’t dance.† She paused a moment, as though this caused her particular pain. â€Å"But you were right in saying it was impossible for me to not get sex from someone. I did. I just lied and said I couldn’t.† It was just as I’d suspected for a while now, but hearing her confirm it didn’t really cheer me up. It was yet another reminder of all the miserable things in my life these last couple of weeks. Staring at her, I still couldn’t bring myself to feel angry at her. Partially because I was still drained of feeling and partially because it just wasn’t worth it. Niphon had used her to play me, but he’d played her too. â€Å"You’re a good liar,† I told her finally. â€Å"I could never be sure if you were telling the truth or not – but you seemed to be. I’m usually good at reading people.† Tawny smiled, just a little, with something almost like pride. â€Å"I hustled people a lot when I was mortal. Worked some con jobs.† The smile disappeared. â€Å"Until that asshole dumped me for a cheap blond whore. She had no idea what she was doing, but did he care? No. Dick. He’s sorry now. They both are.† I blinked. I hadn’t expected to hear that. I wasn’t sure I wanted to hear that. Suddenly, Tawny’s initial desire to make men everywhere suffer made a lot more sense – as did the reason she might have sold her soul in the first place. I hoped her current appearance wasn’t some weird bastardization of the cheap blond whore. Because that would just be kind of creepy. â€Å"Well, um, I’m†¦sure they are. And you know, the skills you need to hustle and con aren’t that different from seduction.† Maybe it was the moving and talking, but as I sat there, my sluggish brain began to stir to life and analyze the situation. â€Å"Tawny, why are you telling me this? If you’re working for Niphon, he’s probably not going to appreciate you blowing his cover.† â€Å"You’re right. He doesn’t know I’m here. But†¦but I was afraid. I know it’ll all come out if you tell, and I don’t want to go down with him! I thought if I came and talked to you and told you what happened that maybe†¦maybe you could forgive me. I’m starting to like it here. I don’t want to leave. And if they punish him, they’ll punish me too and – â€Å" â€Å"Wait, wait. Stop again. Punish him for what? For getting you to lie?† I frowned. â€Å"And what is it I’m going to tell?† Tawny was so surprised that she forgot to sniffle. â€Å"About her.† â€Å"Her?† â€Å"That – that hag. The one who came into my dreams†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Nyx? Oh. That really is how you hid your glow. Hugh was right.† â€Å"I hated it,† said Tawny vehemently. â€Å"Every time he made me go to her so she could suck me out. And then I’d have such weird dreams.† Think, Georgina, think! It was all coming together here if I could just put my own romantic disaster off to the side of my mind for a moment. â€Å"You†¦went to Nyx willingly? To have your energy sucked out so I wouldn’t find out that you were lying?† Tawny nodded. My brain hurt. â€Å"And he – Niphon – made you, and – † I stopped. â€Å"Niphon knew about Nyx. You both did. And how to find her.† â€Å"He’s the one who got her to come here when she escaped. Promised her two succubi,† sniffed Tawny. She gave me a puzzled look. â€Å"I thought†¦I thought you knew all that? I heard you were there when they captured her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Tawny looked a little nervous, like she was wondering if maybe she’d done the wrong thing in betraying Niphon. As for me, I was suddenly reliving the battle back in my bedroom and Nyx’s offer to help me get revenge on the one who’d sent her after me†¦. Niphon. â€Å"Niphon?† I exclaimed. â€Å"Niphon sent a crazy chaos goddess after me? Why? Why does he hate me that much?† Tawny’s eyes went wide, no doubt surprised at my sudden outburst. â€Å"I†¦I don’t know. He just said that he wanted to make things difficult for you. Screw up your life. Maybe get you sent away.† Hugh’s words came back to me. All I know is that when an imp shows up and is going to this much trouble over something, the evidence suggests it’s big. My heart raced, and I grabbed hold of her hand. â€Å"Tawny. Did he ever say anything about my contract? Any contract at all?† She shook her head frantically, tousling her blond curls even more than they already were. â€Å"No, not while I was around.† â€Å"Are you sure? Think! Think of anything, anything at all he might have said to explain why he did what he did.† â€Å"No, nothing!† She broke her hand away. â€Å"I’m telling you the truth this time. He just made it sound as though†¦well, like he didn’t like you. He wanted you to be unhappy. Suffer. I don’t know.† Niphon. So many things could be laid at his feet. According to Tawny, he’d used her to make me look like a bad mentor (which I was, kind of) and possibly get sent away. The imp had also talked to Seth about selling his soul – despite my warnings. Seth’s decision to leave me had been his own, true. But, I realized, Niphon had played a role in getting Seth to think about such things. The distraction Nyx had caused – which apparently Niphon had brought about too – had cut me off from spending time with Seth. Realizing how close he’d been to selling his soul had driven Seth away. The fear of how that would affect him and me both had been too strong – strong enough that he chose to walk away from me. â€Å"Georgina?† I made a decision then. It wasn’t going to change what had happened with Seth and me, but it was going to make me feel better. â€Å"Georgina?† repeated Tawny, peering at me. â€Å"Are you okay? You aren’t going to get me sent away, are you? Georgina?† I rose from my chair, surprised at how my muscles had become kinked. No longer wanting to be dressed up, I shape-shifted out of the dress and into jeans and an empire cut sweater. Black. Like my mood. I glanced over at Tawny. â€Å"You want to go to a party with me?† I drove us over to Peter and Cody’s, where the â€Å"evil† holiday party was taking place. I barely noticed that it was raining again. I walked up the building’s stairs like one going to her own funeral, grim and purposeful – and with enough speed that Tawny had to scurry to keep up in her stilettos. When I felt the immortal signatures within the apartment, smug relief flooded me upon discovering Niphon was still there. Peter opened the door before I finished knocking. He wore a red sweater with an appliqu? ¦ Santa on it. It matched his tree, of course. â€Å"Look at this,† he said sarcastically. â€Å"She deigns to show up and join us lowly – â€Å" I strode past him without a word. He gaped. Moving through the room, I was vaguely aware of the others there. Jerome. Cody. Hugh. But I didn’t want any of them. Niphon, standing with a glass of wine, regarded me with curious amusement as I headed straight for him. Considering I usually avoided him if it all possible, my approach undoubtedly astonished him. But not as much as when I punched him. I didn’t even need to shape-shift much bulk into my fist. I’d caught him by surprise. The wineglass fell out of his hand, hitting the carpet and spilling its contents like blood. The imp flew backward, hitting Peter’s china cabinet with a crash. Niphon slumped to the floor, eyes wide with shock. I kept coming. Kneeling, I grabbed his designer shirt and jerked him toward me. â€Å"Stay the fuck out of my life, or I will destroy you,† I hissed. Terror filled his features. â€Å"Are you out of your fucking mind? What do you – † Suddenly, the fear disappeared. He started laughing. â€Å"He did it, didn’t he? He broke up with you. I didn’t know if he could do it, even after giving him the spiel about how it’d be better for both of you. Oh my. This is lovely. All your so-called charms weren’t enough to – ahh!† I’d pulled him closer to me, digging my nails into him, and finally, I felt an emotion. Fury. Niphon’s role had been greater than I believed. My face was mere inches from his. â€Å"Remember when you said I was nothing but a backwoods girl from some gritty fishing village? You were right. And I had to survive in gritty circumstances – in situations you’d never be able to handle. And you know what else? I spent most of my childhood gutting fish and other animals.† I ran a finger down his neck. â€Å"I can do it for you too. I could slit you from throat to stomach. I could rip you open, and you’d scream for death. You’d wish you weren’t immortal. And I could do it over and over again.† That wiped the smirk off Niphon’s face. Behind me, the rest of the room had come to life. â€Å"For fuck’s sake,† yelled Jerome. â€Å"Get her off him.† Strong hands pulled me back, Cody and Hugh each grabbing one of my arms. I fought against them, struggling to get back to a cringing Niphon. My friends were too strong. I couldn’t break free and didn’t have the life left to shape-shift added bulk. â€Å"Get rid of him, Jerome!† I yelled. â€Å"Get rid of him, or I swear to God, I really will rip him apart. He set me up to fail with Tawny. He brought Nyx here, for fuck’s sake! Get rid of him!† I saw my boss’s face. He didn’t like being yelled at or ordered around – particularly in front of others. His face was hard and angry. I could tell he was about to tell me to shut up, and then something in his expression shifted. He turned his attention back to Niphon. â€Å"Get out,† the demon said. Niphon stared open-mouthed. Very fishlike, actually. â€Å"Jerome! You can’t just – â€Å" â€Å"Get out. I know what you were trying to do, but you shouldn’t have done it behind my back. Go back to your hotel, and be out of town by tomorrow.† Niphon still wanted to protest. But then, he looked at Jerome, looked at me, and then looked at Jerome again. Swallowing, the imp scrambled to his feet and grabbed a briefcase sitting on the couch. With one more glance back at me, he ran out the door. Jerome’s gaze fell on Tawny, who was pressing herself against the wall in a futile effort to disappear. â€Å"It’s not her fault,† I said quickly. â€Å"Don’t punish her.† Jerome studied her a few more moments before sighing impatiently. â€Å"Later. I’ll deal with you later.† I wasn’t sure if that was a good thing or not, but the fact that he hadn’t smote her on the spot was a positive sign. Judging from the grateful look on her face, she agreed. Cody and Hugh still had a death grip on me, but after several moments, they released me. I sagged with exhaustion, surprised to see I was breathing heavily. Tension filled the room. Finally, Cody said, â€Å"Where did you learn to throw a right hook?† â€Å"You don’t live through the Dark Ages without learning stuff like that,† mused Peter. He glanced at the spilled wine and sighed. â€Å"Club soda’s not going to get that out.† â€Å"Georgie,† said Jerome in a rumbling voice. â€Å"Do not ever speak to me like that.† I steadied my breathing and swallowed back the bloodlust coursing through me. I met Jerome’s dark eyes defiantly. â€Å"Noted,† I said. Then, unable to handle my friends’ looks of both astonishment and concern, I ran out of the apartment. I made it down one flight of stairs before collapsing and sitting on the landing. I buried my face in my hands and started sobbing. The grief had finally won. A few minutes later, I heard footsteps on the stairs. Hugh sat down beside me and put his arms around me. I pressed my face to his chest and kept crying. â€Å"You’ll get over this,† he said quietly. â€Å"No. I will never get over this. I’m alone. I wish I was dead.† â€Å"No, you don’t. You’re too wonderful and have too many people who love you.† I lifted my head and looked at him. I’d never seen his face so compassionate, so serious – except when he’d yelled at Seth during poker. I sniffed and ran a hand over my wet eyes. â€Å"We broke up. This is what you wanted. You didn’t want me and Seth to be together.† Hugh shook his head. â€Å"I like Seth. I want you to be happy. If you could be together without all the heartache, I’d send you on with my blessing. But I don’t think that’s possible. I think this is best.† â€Å"You told him the only way I’d let him go is if he hurt me, if he was an asshole. Do you think that’s why he did it? Slept with Maddie? Because only something drastic would drive me away?† Hugh looked surprised at the reference to Maddie. â€Å"I don’t know, sweetie. I don’t know what he was thinking.† Sighing, I leaned back into him. â€Å"I will never get over this.† â€Å"You will.† â€Å"It’s going to take a lot of time.† â€Å"Well, you have a lot of time.† How to cite Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 25, Essay examples

Risk Management by Investors Saudi Aramco

Question: Discuss about the case study Risk Management by Investors for Saudi Aramco. Answer: Introduction: Saudi Aramco, a state-owned oil company owned by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is a fully unified worldwide petroleum and chemicals enterprise. In recent times the company is partnering with leading global companies across the world with an aim to strengthen its downstream business and to achieve competitive advantage from its operations in exploration, production and marketing (Company Website). Key highlights: Headquarter: Dhahran, Saudi Arabia Workforce: More than 65,000 workers and employees worldwide Global Presence: Saudi Arabia, China, Egypt, Japan, India, the Netherlands, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, The United States of America and the United Kingdom. Main Partners, Ventures Affiliates: Saudi Aramco Products Trading Company, Sadara Chemical Co., The Saudi Aramco Total Filtering and Petrochemicals Firm, Fujian Refining Petrochemical Company and S-OIL, South Korea Saudi Aramco, on 08th January 2016, announced and confirmed that the company was studying various plans and options to allow more public participation in its equity shares through sale of an appropriate percentage of its equity stake in its main business through listing in capital markets and through Listing or privatizing some of its downstream subsidiaries. In the present report we will be discussing about the Risk and risk analysis risk management for the various risks as identified for the probable investors of Saudi Aramcos and its downstream subsidiaries equity shares in capital markets. After having identified the various risks we will try to create a risk register containing information about various risks faced by the investors, its severity, probability of occurrences and mitigation plans if any. Then we will perform qualitative risk assessment and try to create risk assessment matrix for various risks to categorize the risks into Low, Medium or High risks and prioritize which risks need to be addressed for mitigation first. After having done all the above we will then discuss the possible risk mitigation strategies available to the investors for various risks mitigation if possible. Risks and Risk Analysis Management - Introduction Risk may be defined as the possibility of occurrence of unexpected outcome or loss (Bouchet, Clark Groslambert 2003). Risk can be bifurcated into four factors viz. probability of occurrence of an event, severity of unwanted impact, external impacts and interdependency with other influences or risks. Risks Analysis Management may be defined as the process of identification of risks, assessment of magnitude of risks, measuring impact of risks and implementation of risk mitigation techniques (Gitman, Joehnk Billingsley 2014). Risk management helps in identification of various risks specific to a project / activity / organization and responding to them in best possible ways to eliminate or mitigate the impact of such risks on project / activity / organization (Merna 2007). Qualitative Risk Identification for Risks to Investors The investors in the capital markets as well as the investors in private investing activities are prone to number of risks for their investments in the companies through the route of share markets or direct investments privately. The following may be categorized as the different risks faced by the investors for their probable investments in the Saudi Aramco or its downstream subsidiaries (Merna 2007): Country Risk: Country risk refers to the risk type which takes shape due to the inherent characteristics of a country based on its geographic and demographic features. The major business operations of the company are geographically located in Saudi Arabia and Middle East. The said geographical area of the globe is prone to unrest and civil war situations thus creating a country risk for the investors. Political Risk: Political risk refers to the risk type which is present due to the political structure and scenarios which were present in the country in the past and the scenarios which are expected to take shape in the future. Saudi Arabia is under the Kingdom Rule creating a Monarchy political situation in the country. It is generally observed that under Monarchy rule the business operations are influenced by the changing political policies of the Kingdom. Industry Risk: Industry risk refers to the risk type which is inherent in the industry in which the main business operations of the company are taking place. Some industries are more prone to risks as compared to other industries. Saudi Aramco deals in oil industry which is the worlds biggest industry but is also prone to various factors including cartels for administering the production of the limited natural resource and the prices of such products. Company Risk: Company risk refers to such risk type which is inherent due to the policies, operations, procedures and management decisions of a company itself. It is generally believed that this risk is the most prevalent in the investments and is also able to avoid this risk by having a diversified investment portfolio by the investors. Saudi Aramco since deals in oil products has inherent risks in its business operations. It deals in production of natural resources which are limited and thus creates a limit on the size a company can attain. Currency Risk: Currency risk refers to the risk type which takes shape when the home currency of the company is different from the operating currency of the company and thus forces a company to have exposure in the number of currency conversion transactions. Saudi Aramco investments have inherent currency risk as the home currency of the company is different from the operating currency of the company. The company needs to incur every expense in terms of US Dollar which is the prevalent currency in oil industry. Investment Risk: Investment risk refers to the risk type which the investors face for the possibility of not being able to recover their initial investment value due to any contingency especially in the situation of possible bankruptcy of the company. Investors of the Saudi Aramco company faces an investment risk for not being able to recover their investments due to possibility of company going bad due to such vulnerable business environment in which the company operates. Legislative Risk: Legislative risk is the risk type which is present due to the changing legislative requirements of the country in the company operates. Changing legislative requirements in the country will always have significant impact on the business operations of the company and may also outcome in rise in the action expenses for the company in-order to conform to the moving legislative necessities. Volatility Risk: Volatility risk is the type of risk which is inherent in the capital markets in which the shares of a company trades. Volatility refers to the changes in the market prices that the share of the company is able to command in the capital markets. Capital markets are often faced with the volatility in the prices of share and securities. Investors of Saudi Aramco will also face such volatility risk in their investments. Liquidity Risk: Liquidity risk refers to that risk type in which the investors are able to convert their investments into cash as and when they feel and is profitable to them. As already discussed about the business operations, political situation in the home country and the geographical presence of the company, the future investors may shy away to invest in the company thereby making the investments of the investors less liquid in the capital markets. Credit Rating Risk: Credit rating risk refers to that risk type which is due to the ratings given by different credit rating agencies to the different companies based on different parameters. There are different credit rating agencies which issues credit ratings for the different companies across the globe. There may be a possibility for the credit rating agency to downgrade the ratings of Saudi Aramco due to changing oil industry and other company specific reasons. This downgrade will result in the loss to the investors due to fall in the value of their investments in capital markets. Risk Register and the Severity of Risks Identified The below mentioned table is a Risk Register for the various risks identified for the investors for their probable investments in the Saudi Aramco or its downstream subsidiaries which describes about the probable risks, risks type, impact of Risks, impact description, probability of occurring, timeline in which the risk is expected to occur, status of responses by investors, any completed actions by investors to mitigate the risk, any planned future actions by the investors to mitigate the risk and risk status as on date (Burtonshaw-Gunn): 1. Basic Risk Information 2. Risk Assement Information 3. Risk Responce Information Risk Number Risk Description / Risk Event Statement Risk Type External /Internal Impact High / Medium / Low Impact Description Probability High / Medium / Low Timeline Near term /Mid term /Far term Status of Response No Plan / Plan Enacted / Effective Plan Enacted Finalized Actions Strategic Future Actions Risk Status Open / Closed / Moved to Issue R 1 Country risk may effect in investments to loose worth in global markets External Low Value of the investments may loose worth as the reserves in the country is no longer viable for global investors Low Far term No Plan N/A N/A Open R 2 Political risk in the country may make business operations on the company financially unfeasible External Medium Profitability of the company may take a impact due to changing political environment as the country is under kingdom rule Low Far term Plan Enacted N/A Make cartels in the industry to influence the political situation in the country Open R 3 Industry risk in the oil industry will result in low prices of the products External High Prices of the product may fall to such lows to make negative cash flows to the company Medium Mid term Effective Plan Enacted OPEC formed to administer prices of the oil industry products N/A Closed R 4 Company policies and announcements may lead to fluctuations in the prices of the shares in capital markets Internal High Profitability and prices of shares of the company may be impacted High Near term No Plan N/A N/A Open R 5 Currency of the country in which the investment is valued may fluctuate in the currency markets External Low Currency fluctuation may result in variations in the value of investments High Near term No Plan N/A N/A Open R 6 Investment risk may result in the investments go bad Internal High Investments in the company may go bad due to company's bankruptcy High Mid term Plan Enacted N/A Offer management expertise in the company to successfully run the business operations Open R 7 Legislative requirements in the country may result in higher operational costs for the company External High Profitability of the company may be impacted due to changing legislative requirements in the country Low Mid term No Plan N/A N/A Open R 8 Volatility inherent in the capital markets may impact share prices External High Price of the shares may take a plunge due to volatility in the capital markets High Near term Plan Enacted N/A Try to minimize the volatility in the company's shares by actively trading in the market Open R 9 Liquidity risk may result in less buyers in future Internal Medium Stake sale will not be possible due to less buyers in the market in future Low Mid term Plan Enacted N/A Arrange an investment banker to discuss the ways in which the stake may be sold in future Open R 10 Credit rating agencies may downgrade the company Internal Low Company's value in the eyes of probable investors may fall due to adverse credit ratings Medium Mid term Effective Plan Enacted Discussions with the credit rating agencies to avoid their apprehensions about the company N/A Closed Qualitative Risk Assessment for Risks to Investors The below mentioned table is a risk Qualitative Risk Assessment Matrix for the various risks identified for the investors for their probable investments in the Saudi Aramco or its downstream subsidiaries (Anthony 2008): Probability Extremely Unlikely Very Unlikely Likely Very Likely Extremely Likely Impact Very Low Low Country Risk Credit Rating Risk Currency Risk Moderate Liquidity Risk Political Risk High Legislative Risk Industry Risk Volatility Risk Very High Investment Risk Company Risk Low Risk Medium Risk High Risk As per the risk matrix above the risks faced by the investors can be categorized into three different categories: Low Risk (Green): The following risks may be categorized as low risk category Country Risk: Very unlikely probability of occurring with low impact on investors Liquidity Risk: Extremely unlikely probability of occurring with moderate impact on investors Medium Risk (Yellow): The following risks may be categorized as medium risk category Credit Rating Risk: Likely probability of happening with low outcome on investors Currency Risk: Very likely probability of occurring with low impact on investors Political Risk: Very unlikely probability of occurring with moderate impact on investors Legislative Risk: Very unlikely probability of occurring with high impact on investors High Risk (Red): The following risks may be categorized as high risk category Industry Risk: Likely probability of occurring with high impact on investors Volatility Risk: Extremely likely probability of occurring with high impact on investors Investment Risk: Very likely probability of occurring with very high impact on investors Company Risk: Extremely likely probability of occurring with very high impact on investors As per the risk matrix above the risks faced by the investors are categorized into three different categories according to which the risks can be prioritized by the investors to be considered for mitigation if possible. As per risk matrix it is advisable to first consider the High risk types (Red) for mitigation followed by Medium risk types (Yellow) and lastly Low risk types need to be considered for mitigation if possible. Qualitative Risk Mitigation Strategies available to Investors As per Risk Register and Risk Assessment Matrix it can be observed that there are a number of risks faced by the investors of Saudi Aramco and such risks have different probabilities of occurrence and different magnitude of impact of the investors. It can also be observed that different risks have different timelines for their occurrences and different status of responses along-with different risk status post mitigation of such risk if possible. Based on risk assessment matrix it can be observed that risks are categorized as Low, Medium and High Risks and based on such categorization the following risk mitigation strategies may be adopted for the risks faced by the investors: References Anthony, L. 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