Computers in entertainment industry Essay

What is o.s? An operating System (OS) is an intermediary between users and computer hardware. It provides users an environment in which a user can execute programs conveniently and efficiently. In technical terms, it is software which manages hardware. An operating System controls the allocation of resources and services such as memory, processors, devices and information . Definition An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs. History- Early computers were built to perform a series of single tasks, like a calculator. Basic operating system features were developed in the 1950s, such as resident monitor functions that could automatically run different programs in succession to speed up processing. Operating systems did not exist in their modern and more complex forms until the early 1960s.[5] Hardware features were added, that enabled use of runtime libraries, interrupts, and parallel processing. When personal computers became popular in the 1980s, operating systems were made for them similar in concept to those used on larger computers. Functions of O.S- Operating system is a large and complex software consisting of several components. Each component of the operating system has its own set of defined inputs and outputs. Different components of OS perform specific tasks to provide the overall functionality of the operating system .Main functions of the operating system are as follows: Process Management— The process management activities handled by the OS are—(1) control access to shared resources like file, memory, I/O and CPU, (2) control execution of applications, (3) create, execute and delete a process (system process or user process), (4) cancel or resume a process (5) schedule a process, and (6) synchronization, communication and deadlock handling for processes. Figure :. Functions of OS Memory Management— The activities of memory management handled by OS are—(1) allocate memory, (2) free memory, (3) re-allocate memory to a program when a used block is freed, and (4) keep track of memory usage. File Management— The file management tasks include—(1) create and delete both files and directories, (2) provide access to files, (3) allocate space for files, (4) keep back-up of files, and (5) secure files. Device Management— The device management tasks handled by OS are—(1) open, close and write device drivers, and (2) communicate, control and monitor the device driver. Protection and Security— OS protects the resources of system. User authentication, file attributes like read, write, encryption, and back-up of data are used by OS to provide basic protection. User Interface or Command Interpreter— Operating system provides an interface between the computer user and the computer hardware. The user interface is a set of commands or a graphical user interface via which the user interacts with the applications and the hardware. Objective of O.s- Operating system is system software that controls and coordinates the use of hardware among the different application software and users. OS intermediates between the user of computer and the computer hardware. The user gives a command and the OS translates the command into a form that the machine can understand and execute. OS has two main objectives— (1) to make the computer system convenient and easy to use, for the user. (2) to use the computer hardware in an efficient way, by handling the details of the operations of the hardware. Types of O.S – OS are classified into different types depending on their capability of processing—(1) Single user, (2) Multiuser, (3) Multitasking, (4) Multiprocessing, (5) Real time, and (6) Embedded. Single User and Single Task OS is for use by a single user for a standalone single computer for performing a single task . Operating system for Personal Computers (PC) are single-user OS. For example, if the user is editing a document, then a document cannot be printed on the printer simultaneously. Single user OS are simple operating system designed to manage one task at a time. MS-DOS is an  example of single user OS. Figure :A single user performing a single task Single User and Multitasking OS allows execution of more than one task or process concurrently. For this, the processor time is divided amongst different tasks. This division of time is also called time sharing. The processor switches rapidly between processes. For example, the user can listen to music on the computer while writing an article using a word processor software. The user can switch between the applications and also transfer data between them . Windows 95 and all later versions of Windows are examples of multitasking OS. Figure :A single user performing multitasking (issuing print command and making drawings) Multiuser OS is used in computer networks that allow same data and applications to be accessed by multiple users at the same time . The users can also communicate with each other. Linux, UNIX, and Windows 7 are examples of multiuser OS. Figure : Multiple users working on connected computers Multiprocessing OS have two or more processors for a single running process. Processing takes place in parallel and is also called parallel processing. Each processor works on different parts of the same task, or, on two or more different tasks. Since execution takes place in parallel, they are used for high speed execution, and to increase the power of computer. Linux, UNIX and Windows 7 are examples of multiprocessing OS. Real Time OS are designed to respond to an event within a predetermined time. These operating systems are used to control processes. Processing is done within a time constraint. OS monitors the events that affect the execution of process and respond accordingly. They are used to respond to queries in areas like medical imaging system, industrial control systems etc. LynxOS is an example of real time OS. Embedded OS is embedded in a device in the ROM. They are specific to a device and are less resource intensive. They are used in appliances like microwaves, washing machines, traffic control systems etc. Examples of O.S – UNIX and UNIX-like operating systems Unix was originally written in assembly language.[6] Ken Thompson wrote B, mainly based on BCPL, based on his experience in the MULTICS project. B was replaced by C, and Unix, rewritten in C, developed into a large, complex family of inter-related operating systems which have been influential in every modern operating system (see History). The UNIX-like family is a diverse group of operating systems, with several major sub-categories including System V, BSD, and Linux. The name â€Å"UNIX† is a trademark of The Open Group which licenses it for use with any operating system that has been shown to conform to their definitions. â€Å"UNIX-like† is commonly used to refer to the large set of operating systems which resemble the original UNIX. Four operating systems are certified by The Open Group (holder of the Unix trademark) as Unix. HP’s HP-UX and IBM’s AIX are both descendants of the original System V Unix and are designed to run only on their respective ve ndor’s hardware. In contrast, Sun Microsystems’s Solaris Operating System can run on multiple types of hardware, including x86 and Sparc servers, and PCs. Apple’s OS X, a replacement for Apple’s earlier (non-Unix) Mac OS, is a hybrid kernel-based BSD variant derived from NeXTSTEP, Mach, and FreeBSD.

Curley’s wife in Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men and Sophy Twycott in Hardy’s “The Son’s veto” Essay

It is my belief that Sophy Twycott and Curley’s wife are both similar women – young, good-looking and oppressed in a male dominated society. However, they live in very dissimilar environments. They both live and die different lives. Both writers try to make us feel sorrow for their characters. Curley’s wife is more in control of her destiny, but both women remain humble, as both writers seem to be interested in the lives of normal people. Both women have been cruelly taunted and outraged by the injustice of life, and never achieve their full potential. Curley’s wife failed from an early age, as a result of her mother giving no support or encouragement. This is seen when she says†¦ † A man came with a show†¦but my mamma said I couldn’t go† and having been let down by her dream of shooting to stardom in Hollywood. This failure causes her to run away and start a relationship with Curley, which was doomed from the beginning, as she married out of fear of dying alone instead of love. Due to this, their relationship is simply rife with antagonism. Her beginning with Curley ultimately proves to be the end of her. Sophy is also a woman with a story. As with Steinbeck and Curley’s wife, Hardy is keen to explore the things which are blameless to her, and the things that oppose her in life. Firstly, she is innocent of the accident. She was not responsible for what happened, and has no control over her disability. She is humble, if a little unimportant. She is victimised, and is the star of many cathartic moments and the target of much pathos. There are also things against her, such as her unloving family, the class stigma that she is thrust into, and her symbolically as well as crippled status, symbolic, because she is oppressed and physical because of her bodily handicap. The biggest force opposing Sophy is her son Randolph. The son is insensitive, arrogant and tactlessly ironic – he is a mess, imperfect in every way, therefore has no basis on which to abuse his mother, to abuse his veto. Both women are symbols, standing for their respective social classes and sex. Despite their many similarities, such as the parallel in their environments, they are also different women. They are both trapped by and shaped in the hands of fate, but where Sophy is neither critical or self critical, and acts on orders rather than instinct, Curley’s wife is a critic, and does what she wants, when she wants to do it. Sophie is presented as tragic comedy, her life and death inspire pathos, and people mourn her, whereas Curley’s wife is only slightly higher in the hierarchy of death than mice and dogs. And even when she does die, she dies alongside a dirty pup, and when she is found, no pathos is shown, and she is almost immediately left alone again. Sophy is compliant with wishes of others, whereas Curley’s wife is destructive and wild. Hardy establishes a close bond between Sophy and her dream – of living with Sam in innocence in the countryside. We get the impression that, had she achieved her dream, her status as a crippled individual would not matter so much to her. Curley’s wife is also deprived of her dream, but we feel no sympathy for her, as Steinbeck made no attempt to create pathos for her. Where Sophy is described as a, â€Å"†¦gentle creature†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Curley’s wife is symbolised by red, the colour of passion, blood and danger. Curley’s wife is a disruptive element on the ranch, whereas Sophy is simple modesty. Hardy’s presentation of Sophy as a simple, country girl, with a naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve frame of mind where life is concerned, her submissiveness and self consciences, make her weak, easily over powered by her son is accurate. Sophy being shown as somewhat fastidious is an accurate description of women of his time. Both Sophy and Curley’s wife represent much more than what we see of them. Two women represent two whole generations of oppressed, abused and infirm women. Both women personify rejection. Both are offered opportunities in their youth, Sophy by Sam and Curley’s wife by the Hollywood producer. The difference is that, where Sophy rejects Sam’s offer, Curley’s wife accepts, but then gets rejected by the offer, as she never received her letter, â€Å"†¦I never did get it†¦.I’ll bet my old lady took it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Sophy is later pragmatic about her opportunity. She offers to give up her job for a life with Sam. She regrets not being impulsive or myopic when the opportunity first came along. Curley’s wife is somewhat myopic, as she still longs for her dream even though it is dead. In fact, her dream, just like the American dream of owning a piece of land is polluted and doomed to fail. All dreams, according to Crooks in chapter four of â€Å"Of Mice And Men† are doomed, † I’ve seen hundreds of guys come and go†¦they all look for a piece of land†¦no one ever gets it†¦just like heaven. â€Å" Sophy’s marriage to the vicar is the result of her accident. It is ironic that her accident should happen whilst she is caring for the vicar. She is the most giving of creatures, yet life sees fit to punish her. We see that life is cruel to her, just as it is to Curley’s wife. The accident symbolises the life and stature of C19th women – no independence, few opportunities and traditionally oppressed by society. All these phenomenon’s can also apply to Curley’s wife. Both women’s lives are shrouded by themes of fate, entrapment. Where Sophy is denied mobility, which in turn takes away her opportunity, Curley’s wife is denied the opportunity she feels she deserves, and so we see how the C19th and C20th woman are oppressed and secluded by gender – women fail because they are women Marriage for both characters is forced. Curley’s wife marries to spite her mother, and Sophy marries the vicar because the vicar feels a sense of duty and guilt towards her. Sophy marries him, not out of love, but because she is timid and expedient. Both authors are setting up romantically dry marriages, which are fated from their depart. † My mom said I couldn’t go†¦it’s all her fault†¦I met Curley down at the Riverside dance palace that same night†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Curley’s wife marries out of spite of her mother and fear of being alone. There is a time difference between the two stories. Hardy’s â€Å"The Son’s Veto†, a short story, is set over a period of many years, whereas Steinbeck’s novel Of Mice And Men, last over a period of only a few weeks. There is also a difference of environments in the two works. Whereas Steinbeck bases his novel in and around the ranch, Hardy bases his story in different settings- the countryside and the inner city. Hardy uses these contrasting changes of environment to imply that image, (the appealing innocence of and the seedy, smoky, industrial belly of London), is more important than character. This is also true of Sophy and Curley’s wife. Curley marries his wife because of her looks, and the vicar does not marry Sophy due to her (somewhat simple at times) character and intellect. He even educates her to prevent further embarrassment for him! Towards the end of Of Mice And Men, Steinbeck’s voice becomes more present. This is also true of Hardy in â€Å"The Son’s Veto†. Another thing that is comparable between our two women is the fact that death in and around their worlds is almost insignificant. In Sophy’s world, her life does not change even after her husband’s death. She is neither more trusted nor richer. She remains looking into society rather than becoming an active part of it. Curley’s wife’s world is shrouded with death, her own as insignificant as that of mice and dogs. It is somewhat ironic the only time she finds peace and real beauty is at her own death, and even then, she cannot see her true beauty. â€Å"She lay half covered in hay, all the meanness and discontent gone from her face. She was very pretty and simple, and her face was sweet and young†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Both women are trapped, seeking release and a better life. However, many different forms of oppression stop them achieving their goals. They are both alone in their worlds, despite being surrounded by other people. They both have regret, Sophy of not having married Sam and Curley’s wife of not having been made famous. Both writers try and make us feel pathos for these two women, by telling us they live miserable lonesome lives, and making them die without having achieved their goals. Both women lost men in their younger life which they reminisce about. Although the offers were different, both women rejected or got rejected by them! In Sophy’s case, because the offer was not good enough, and in Curley’s wife’s case, the offer rejected her, as the offer was insincere. To conclude their comparison, there are three main points in which Curley’s wife and Sophy differ. Where Sophy is shy and somewhat easily walked over, Curley’s wife is very prominent and not at all easy to control. Sophy seeks to blend in, where Curley’s wife longs to stand out and make a difference. And finally, whereas Sophy is unsure of herself, Curley’s wife does not at all lack self- confidence, and volume to make her self heard.

Me seek death

Triangle Skills to Solve Problems For each word problem below, you must draw a picture and show your work towards a solution. Solutions are given for each problem. Since these are real-life type problems, answers should be decimal approximations as opposed to being in simplest radical form. You are allowed to use anything you know about triangle similarity, right triangles and right triangle trigonometry. This assignment is a learning target and is required to pass this semester.P = Do these problems if you want a Proficient score for this learning target HP = Do Hess problems if you want a Highly Proficient score for this learning target A = All students are required to do these problems P 1) A soccer ball Is placed 10 feet away from the goal, which Is 8 feet high. You kick the ball and it hits the crossbar along the top of the goal. What is the angle of elevation of your kick? (38. 70) P 2) If a person 5 Ft 10 inches tall casts a 7 Ft. 4 inch shadow, how tall is a person who casts a shadow 6 Ft. 8 inches long? Put answer in feet and 4 inches) P 3) Michelle delivers books to school libraries. Her truck has a slide out ramp for unloading the books. The top of the ramp Is 3 feet above the ground. The ramp itself Is 5. 2 feet long. What is the horizontal distance the ramp reaches? Also, what Is the angle of elevation of the ramp? (4. 25 Ft. ; 35. 20) A 4) An airplane is at an elevation of 35,000 Ft. When it begins its approach to an airport. Its angle of descent is 60. What is the horizontal distance between the plane and the airport? Also, what is the approximate air distance from the plane to the airport? 63 miles; 63. 4 miles) P 5) Pete has a 15-foot ladder. The safety instructions recommend he should have he base of the ladder 6 feet from the base of the wall he will lean the ladder against. How high will the ladder reach on the wall? (13. 75 feet) A 6) A lighthouse keeper observes that there Is a 30 angle of depression between the horizontal and the line of sight to a ship. If the keeper Is 19 meters above the water, how far Is the ship from shore? (362. 5 meters) opposite bank. (90 meters) HP 8) Mart is standing 4 Ft. Behind a fence 6 Ft. 6 inches tall.When she looks over the fence, she can Just see the top edge off building. She knows that the building is 32 Ft. Inches behind the fence. Her eyes are 5 Ft. From the ground. How tall is the building? Give your answer to the nearest half-foot. (See diagram below) (18. 7 feet) A 9) A 25-foot ladder is placed against a building. The bottom of the ladder is 7 feet from the building. If the top of the ladder slips down 4 feet, how many feet will the bottom slide out? (slipped 8 feet) A 10) Driving through the mountains, Dale has to go up and over a high mountain pass.The road has a constant incline for 7 miles to the top of the pass. Dale notices from a road sign that in the first mile he climbs 840 feet. What is the height of the mountain pass? (5280 feet = 1 mile). Also, how steep is the i ncline in degrees? (Answer in feet) (6510 Ft. ; 9. 20) HP 11) You want to hang banner that is 29 Ft. Tall. You are thinking of hanging it outside from the third floor of your school, but need to measure to see if it will fit there. The trouble with measuring the direct distance is that there is a large 6 Ft. Tall bush in the way at the base of the school building.You throw a 38 Ft. Long rope out the window to a friend on the ground. She walks away from the building until the pop is taught. Upon measuring, she finds the angle of elevation of the rope to be 700. Will the banner fit on the wall and be completely above the bush? How much space will there be between the top of the bush and the bottom of the banner? (Banner will fit with . 7 off foot to spare) HP 12) Chris is mailing his friend a poster that has been rolled up in a long tube. He has a box that measures 20 inches by 8 inches by 4 inches. What is the maximum length the rolled poster can be? Where you label the dimensions on your drawing on the box won't affect your answer) (21. 7 inches) HP 13) Elena is standing on a plateau that is 800 Ft. Above a basin where she can see two hikers. The angle of depression from her line of sight to the first hiker is 250 and to the second hiker is 150. How far apart are the two hikers? (1270 feet) HP 14) The front and back walls of an A-frame cabin are isosceles triangles, each with a base 10 m and sides of 13 m. The entire front wall is made of glass that cost $120/mm. What did the glass for the front wall cost? $7200) angle of elevation of the sun was 550, the length of the shadow cast by this flagpole as 210 Ft. Find the height of the flagpole to the nearest foot. Also, what was the length of the shadow when the angle of elevation of the sun was 340? (300 feet; 444. 8 feet) A 16) International rules of basketball state the rim should be 3. 05 meters above the ground. If your line of sight to the rim is 340 and you are 1. 7 meters tall, what is the horizontal dista nce from you to the rim? (2 meters) P 17) Eagleburger is 17 miles south of Linebacker, and Linebacker is 5 miles west of Pueblo.Carson lives nine miles north of Linebacker. How many miles will Carson eave to drive altogether from his home to Eagleburger if he stops in Pueblo on the way? (Make sure he goes the shortest distances possible) (28 miles) P 18) A student looks out of a second-story school window and sees the top of the school flagpole at an angle of elevation of 220. The student is 18 Ft. Above the ground and 50 Ft. From the flagpole. Find the height of the flagpole. (38. 2 Ft. ) HP 19) You need to add 5 supports under the ramp, in addition to the 3. 6 meter one so that they are all equally spaced. You should have six supports in all.How long should each support be? Also, what is the angle of descent of the ramp? (220) A 20) A 17-foot wire connects the top of a 28-foot pole to the top of a pole. What is the shortest length of wire that you could use to attach the top of th e short pole to the bottom of the tall pole? (25 feet) A 21) Juanita, who is 1. 82 meters tall, wants to find the height off tree in her backyard. From the tree's base, she walks 12. 20 meters along the tree's shadow to a position where the end of her shadow exactly overlaps the end of the tree's shadow. She is now 6. 1 meters from the end of the shadows.How tall is the tree? 5. 46 meters) HP 22) A giant California redwood tree 36 meters tall cracked in a violent storm and fell as if hinged. The tip of the tree hit the ground 24 meters from the base. Researchers wished to investigate the crack. How many meters up from the base of the tree would they have to climb? (10 feet) HP 23) George is looking out from a window 30 feet above the street. The angle of elevation is 500 to the top off building across the street. The angle of depression to the base of the same building is 200. Find the height of the building across the street. (128. 2 Ft)

Describe the Assessment Form Dr Agile Webside Essay

Describe the Assessment Form Dr Agile Webside - Essay Example Agile assessment. This is an interpretation of the Dr. Agile test results and questionnaire, which explain the relevance of the results in context According to the results of the Dr. Agile analysis, in the practice of ‘Managing Requirements Using a Backlog’, the team was rated â€Å"Not Suitable† by 28% in the field of ‘Welcoming constant change’ and â€Å"Partially Suitable† by 60% in the areas of ‘Importance of Prioritizing’ and ‘Realizing the Evolutionary Nature of Software Development’ (Dr. Agile, 2010). These results indicate that the team needs additional work in adjusting to changing circumstances and acclimating themselves to the field of software development and technology. The rapidly expanding technological market brings constant changes to the work environment and employees within this field must be able to adjust to the daily changes that may occur so they will be better able to service their customers. In the remaining field of ‘Management Buy-in’, the team was rated as â€Å"Largely Suitable† by 73% (Dr. Agile, 2010). ... Agile, 2010). These indications mean that the team requires work in these areas before they can successfully adopt these practices into their work scheme. The characteristic of ‘Handling Stress’ was rated as â€Å"Largely Suitable† by a margin of 61% and ‘Buy-in of the Development Team’ was rated â€Å"Largely Suitable† by 83% (Dr. Agile, 2010). The â€Å"Group Estimation† practice achieved a 28%rating of â€Å"Not Suitable† in the characteristic of ‘Multi-Disciplined Team Members’ and the practice of â€Å"Self-Organized Teams† received the same rating for the same characteristic (Dr. Agile, 2010). This reveals the necessity for strong supportive training in the area of working collectively to achieve a goal and independent decision-making. In the practice of â€Å"Group Estimations†, the team was rated â€Å"Largely Suitable† by 73% in the characteristic of ‘Management Buy-in’ and à ¢â‚¬Å"Fully Suitable† by 93% in the characteristics of ‘Trust between Management and Team Members’ and ‘Developer’s Buy-in’ (Dr. Agile, 2010). They also earned the â€Å"Fully Suitable† by 93% rating in the characteristic of ‘Developer’s Buy-in’ within the practice of â€Å"Daily Standup Meeting† and ‘Management Buy-in’ and ‘Trust between Management and Team Members’ within the practice of â€Å"Self-Organized Teams† (Dr. Agile, 2010). The characteristics of ‘Management Buy-in’ in the practice of â€Å"Daily Standup Meeting† and ‘Developer’s Buy-in’ in the practice of â€Å"Self-Organized Teams† both received the rating of â€Å"Largely Suitable† by 83% (Dr. Agile, 2010). Overall, the ratings demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of the team as a whole and demonstrate which areas need

Economic Conditions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economic Conditions - Essay Example U.S. gross debt increased in terms of percent of GDP 7. Nominal value of the U.S. dollar against all major currencies   In looking at actual data, there was a huge economic downturn during 2008. Despite this, retailers’ sales revenue increased when compared to 2006 and 2007. There was little effect on revenue growth in 2008 compared to 2007, but there was still considerably high revenue growth. The actual revenue growth of 2008 was also higher than the forecasted revenue for 2008.    According to the analysis, the economic downturn did not affect any area of the organization. All regions showed revenue growth during 2007 and 2008 (see Table1.4). This growth indicates that the economy had the same impact on all areas and had no effect on the revenue growth of its products.   By analyzing each area’s revenue, we can look and see if each area has special customer behavior that may affect its revenue. For example, the Web region shows the least amount of revenue (see Graph1). This means that customers prefer an in-store experience over an online one. Customers purchasing behavior depends on geography, gender, age, and the factors of the market. There are other factors that affect customers’ buying behavior. ... ior, and other factors, which the company should take into account either as a risk or an opportunity.   Competitive Marketplace   There is huge competition in the retail industry in the United States. The following are characteristics the marketplace for retailers:   1. Use of Information Technology:   The retail industry is now offering its products through the Web. This benefits customers who like to buy products while sitting at home. Customers can place an order on a company’s website by paying through a secure payment system and then receiving the product at their home. The Internet, particularly e-commerce, has changed how retailers run their businesses.   2. Increase in Discount Stores:   Discount stores are one of the factors behind the retail industry’s success. Nowadays, retail stores offer a money back guarantee, reduced prices, and buy-one get-one free offers.   3. Increase in Store Sizes:   Retail stores are now required to be as big as pos sible sp that they can have all the products that customers demand at one place.   4. Direct Marketing:   Retail stores now use direct marketing strategies to increase their sales by sending emails, messages, catalogs to their customers, and also by selling products on their websites.   5. Mergers and Acquisitions   Retailers are merging and acquiring other stores to achieve a dominant position in market; this may not be possible without a merger or acquisition. By increasing their size, a retailer creates a high barrier of new entrants, and reduces the bargaining power of customers and suppliers. The major reason for a merger or acquisition is to reduce competition in the market.   There are many competitors in the retail industry in the United States. These retailers mostly sell electronics, support products,

Sport event reporting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Oil and gas correlation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Oil and gas correlation - Essay Example However, the US domestic production of gas had just picked up and was at the boom phase rendering gas prices low. This means that the global prices of gas were significantly affected downwards as the oil demand plummeted hence the increased price disparity between the two commodities. It is also evident that from 1991, the import of oil by US had reduced but this still represented approximately 40% of the consumption by US against a paltry 5% of gas consumption by the US (YeÃŒ pez-Garcia, Rigoberto , and Julie 86). This is an evident case to support the observed negative correlation. It is also worth to note that the global oil prices are volatile in regard to world market trends, Middle East socio-economic issues and OPEC whims. The increasing technological advancement and campaign for more efficient machines is slowly increasing the use of gas. This means that gas fuel consumption trend will begin to gain influence in the value of dollar hence closing the demand gap it has with the oil. It is also possible that increased exhaustion of gas wells by the US will significantly push the gas prices up as there will be a plan to import more and reserve the domestic stock. YeÃŒ pez-Garcia, Rigoberto A, and Julie Dana. Mitigating Vulnerability to High and Volatile Oil Prices: Power Sector Experience in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2012.

Letter of Request Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Letter of Request - Assignment Example I am a second year student at the Eastern Kentucky University majoring in Occupational. I would like to humbly present my interest in conducting a physical security assessment on the VA medical center in Birmingham. This survey is a requisite in the APS 210 (Physical Security Assessment Project) class. The VA Medical center is my ideal choice as it offers me with the diversity required to apply all aspects, both theoretical and practical, of physical security assessment. The facility is unique in the sense that it caters to the elderly and vulnerable in the community. As such, security is an essential facet of operations. The intended survey will entail going through all areas of the buildings within your institution, checking for security devices such as locks, surveillance, and access control. In addition to this, an interview with the institution’s security manager will be essential in providing a concise complete picture of the state of security within the institution’s premises. This process should take up to 2 hours at the most. All information obtained from the survey will be treated with utmost discretion as all it is considered confidential to the parties involved. Upon agreement, all information generated from this research activity will be strictly confidential, limited to only the parties taking part in the exercise highlighted. The Eastern Kentucky University will be represented by the assigned instructor and supervisor. The other parties who will be preview to the information generated from the research will be the facility’s Senior Security Manager.

Rat Temple in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rat Temple in India - Essay Example Considering the norm with Hindu temples, one must remove their shoes when they enter this temple. In addition, one must be careful not to step on them as that would be considered unholy; and if a rat dies because of being stepped on, it is expected that whoever killed it should replace the rat with a gold or silver statue of the same weight as the rat, for atonement. There are chains and grills positioned all around the enclosure of the temple, to protect the rats from predators such as birds. Inside the temple also, there are caretakers and priests that reside with their families and clean away the excrements of the rats, whilst ensuring they are fed. Foodstuffs such as coconut shells are scattered around the temple for the rats to feed on and milk to drink served in pots (Kaushik). Karni Mata’s rats are treated as deities due to the Hindu’s belief in samsara which is the cycle of transmigration that one undergoes when they die and are reincarnated. The legend’s origins can be traced to the goddess of influence and victory, Durga who was reborn as Karni Mata that came to be a spiritual matriarch of the 14th century. In her life, one of members of her tribe lost their child and Karni Mata attempted to bring him back to life, only to be informed by Yama, the goddess of death, that he had by then been reincarnated. Following this, Karni Mata made an agreement with Yama whereby everyone from the tribe would be reincarnated as rats until the entire clan was reborn. This is in accordance with the Hindu belief that death signifies the end of one stage and start of another (Kaushik). Karni Mata temple completed at the beginning of the 20th century was designed in the late Mughal style, and Maharaja Ganga Singh of Bikaner was responsible for its completion and in 1999, Kundanlal Verma undertook further renovation. Born in October 1387, Karni Mata was the seventh daughter of Mehoji Charan and Deval Devi and they resided in Rajasthan; considered an h onorific name, Karni got it when she cured her aunt at the tender age of six years. Even though they did not live an ordinary matrimonial life, Karni Mata was married to Dipoji Charan. She had four sons who were reincarnated as white rats and are believed to bring luck if one spots them out of the other tens of thousands found within the temple this is because they are believed to be holy above all the rest (Karni Temple). The sophisticated, artistic sense of Indians can be noted with the intricate marble panels that line the entrance and floors of the Karti Mana Temple, and features silver and gold decorations all over. Linked to the royal family that ruled Bikaner, the nearby city, the Temple was established to provide greater power and protection to the family, as goddesses are believed to be directly involved in people’s personal lives. Thus, where a Hindu royal family seeking more power would establish a cult in favour of a goddess as is the case with Karni Mata and the worshipping of rats. Also deemed to be a blessing or sign of good luck, is sampling on food and water that has previously been nibbled on by the rats within the temple. In a bid to gain luck from sighting of the ‘special’ white rats, visitors of the temple offer Prasad, a sweet-tasting type of food. Proof of the holiness of these rats has been the fact that there has never been an outbreak of any

African American Characteristics Paper Essay Example for Free

African American Characteristics Paper Essay African American culture in the United States refers to the cultural contributions of Americans of African descent to the culture of the United States, either as part of or distinct from American culture. The distinct identity of African American culture is rooted in the historical experience of the African American people. The culture is both distinct and enormously influential to American culture as a whole. African-American culture is rooted in Africa. It is a blend of chiefly sub-Saharan African and Sahelean cultures. Although slavery greatly restricted the ability of Americans of African descent to practice their cultural traditions, many practices, values, and beliefs survived and over time have modified or blended with European American culture. There are some facets of African American culture that were accentuated by the slavery period. The result is a unique and dynamic culture that has had and continues to have a profound impact on mainstream American culture, as well as the culture of the broader world (Rydell, 2010). Learning Team B has chosen African Americans as the culturally diverse group we will focus on. The subjects in this paper will be African American history, family characteristics, parenting practices, language, and religion. Also, the primary characteristics of African Americans and how those characteristics impact their experience as a subculture in American Society will be a topic. The last topic will be the implications of the characteristics for psychological theories and practices. History African Americans are the descendants of Africans brought to America during the slavery era. Many were owned as property and forced to work as day laborers in the fields or as servants in their owner’s homes. Others were allowed to work off their debts by being bough and sold on the block. An article titled The Slave Auction of 1859 gives a brief account of what it was to be sold on the block: The buyers, who were present to the number of about two hundred, clustered around the platform; while the Negroes, who were not likely to be immediately wanted, gathered into sad groups in the background to watch the progress of the selling in which they were so sorrowfully interested. The wind howled outside, and through the open side of the building the driving rain came pouring in; the bar down stairs ceased for a short time its brisk trade; the buyers lit fresh cigars, got ready their catalogues and pencils, and the first lot of human chattels are led upon the stand, not by a white man, but by a sleek mulatto, himself a slave, and who seems to regard the selling of his brethren, in which he so glibly assists, as a capital joke. It had been announced that the Negroes would be sold in families, that is to say; a man would not be parted from his wife, or a mother from a very young child. There is perhaps as much policy as humanity in this arrangement, for thereby many aged and unserviceable people are disposed of, who otherwise would not find a ready sale (New York Daily Tribune, 1928). President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of civil war. The proclamation declared that all persons held as slaves within the rebellious states are, and henceforward shall be free. Despite this expansive wording, the Emancipation Proclamation was limited in many ways. It applied only to states that had seceded from the Union, leaving slavery untouched in the loyal border states. It also expressly exempted parts of the Confederacy that had already come under Northern control. Most important, the freedom it promised depended upon Union military victory. History pages often claim President Lincoln as The Great Emancipator which most educated adults come to learn is an over exaggeration. The general consensus is that Lincoln never freed a single slave, and only used the proclamation as a means to get what he wanted from the states. Once freed most African Americans still experienced racial violence and lived in fear for many years. In 1870 the fifteenth amendment was added to the constitution giving blacks the right to vote. Although blacks were free they were still segregated from the white people, made to go to different schools, stores, and even ride at the back of the bus. In 1954 the supreme courts declared segregation in school unconstitutional due to the Brown vs. The Board of Education of Topeka Kansas. The civil right movement was at its peak during 1955-1965. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, ensuring basic civil rights for all Americans, regardless of race, after nearly a decade of nonviolent protests and marches, ranging from the 1955-1956 Montgomery bus boycotts to the student-led sit-ins of the 1960s to the huge March on Washington in 1963. In 1968 President Johnson signed the Civil Right act prohibiting discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing. Some of the most famous leader of the civil right movement includes Martin Luther King Jr. , Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks and many others. Although civil rights were established many African American still struggled to be treated fairly in America. Affirmative Action was established in 1978 by a ruling of the Supreme Court to ensure that minorities are given an opportunity that they may have missed because of their race. In 2008 Barack Obama was the first African American to be nominated for a major party nominee for president. He was elected the 44th President of the United States on November 4, 2008, and sworn in on January 20, 2009. Family and Parenting Characteristics As with most cultures, African Americans place a high value on their families. In the United States African American family’s make-up 12. 9 percent of the population according to the 2003 US Census. The US census also shows that for African Americans over the age of 15 there are 34 percent married, five percent separated, eleven percent divorced, seven percent widowed, and 43 percent were never married. According to the First Things First website, â€Å"African Americans are the most un-partnered group in America† (Medium, 2011, para. 4). One major goal of African American families is communalism, which is very important for effective functioning (Hall, 2010). Hall (2010) describes African American families as having three family types. The first type is the cohesive-authoritative that is explained to be a family with high cohesion along with being supportive, nurturing, and involved with their children (Hall, 2010). The second type of family is the conflictive-authoritarian that is defined as families with conflict and the parents are controlling, critical, and express unhappiness with children (Hall, 2010). The last type of family Hall (2010) explains is the defensive- neglectful, that did not like other racial groups and also did not teach their children to be proud of being an African American. One significant trend that has been determined about the African American family structure is that the more interconnected the family is, the lower the rate of depression in African Americans (Hall, 2010). Based on these findings, a program called Strong African American Families has been created in order to strengthen the relationships between parents and children. According to Hall (2010), â€Å"The Strong African American Families program also has been found to reduce preadolescent risky sexual behaviors, preadolescent alcohol use, and parental depression among African American families† (p.95). This kind of program has been very effective in keeping families cohesive and helping to improve the goal of communalism. Language Generations of hardships imposed on the African American community created distinctive language patterns. Slave owners often intentionally mixed people who spoke different African languages to discourage communication in any language other than English. This, combined with prohibitions against education, led to the development of pidginsimplified mixtures of two or more languages that speakers of different languages can use to communicate. Examples of pidgins that became fully developed languages include Creole, common to Louisiana, and Gullah, common to the Sea Islandsoff the coast of South Carolina and Georgia (Rydell, 2010). It is sad to think that slave owners intentionally put Africans with people who did not speak their language to discourage communication, but is have been researched and proven to be true. Slavery is not the only element to African American culture, and it often seems that when discussing African American culture slavery is the main topic. However, when discussing language the centuries of slavery that they endured have everything to do with the evolution of African-American language. Now that we have covered the origin of African American language we can discuss the American perspective of where modern day African American language stands, and how this effects the culture. African American Vernacular English (AAVE)—also called African American English; less precisely Black English, Black Vernacular, Black English Vernacular (BEV), or Black Vernacular English (BVE)—is an African Americanvariety(dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of American English. Non-linguists sometimes call it Ebonics(a term that also has other meanings or strong connotations) or jive or jive-talk. Its pronunciation is, in some respects, common to Southern American English, which is spoken by many African Americans and many non-African Americans in the United States. There is little regional variation among speakers of AAVE. Several creolists, including William Stewart, John Dillard, and John Rickford, argue that AAVE shares so many characteristics with Creole dialects spoken by black people in much of the world that AAVE itself is a Creole dialect; while others maintain that there are no significant parallels. As with all linguistic forms, its usage is influenced by age, status, topic and setting. There are many literary uses of this variety of English, particularly in African-American literature (Rydell, 2010). Of course this information does not imply that all African Americans speak a version of AAVE, only that it is very common and prevalent throughout the modern day African American culture. Religion In the African American community religion plays an extremely significant role. The story of African-American religion is a tale of variety and creative fusion. Enslaved Africans transported to the New World beginning in the fifteenth century brought with them a wide range of local religious beliefs and practices. This diversity reflected the many cultures and linguistic groups from which they had come. The majority came from the West Coast of Africa, but even within this area religious traditions varied greatly. Islam had also exerted a powerful presence in Africa for several centuries before the start of the slave trade: an estimated twenty percent of enslaved people were practicing Muslims, and some retained elements of their practices and beliefs well into the nineteenth century. Preserving African religions in North America proved to be very difficult. The harsh circumstances under which most slaves lived—high death rates, the separation of families and tribal groups, and the concerted effort of white owners to eradicate heathen (or non-Christian) customs—rendered the preservation of religious traditions difficult and often unsuccessful. Isolated songs, rhythms, movements, and beliefs in the curative powers of roots and the efficacy of a world of spirits and ancestors did survive well into the nineteenth century. Historically during their most difficult times the African American relied on their religious beliefs to endure. During the civil rights movement black churches were often the target of racial violence because that was a place that African Americans spent most of their time. This was a place where they often held meetings to discuss their civil rights efforts. African Americans practice a number of religions, but Protestant Christianity is by far the most prevalent. Some African and African American also follow the Muslim and Judaism. According to Fife, Kilgour, Canter and Adegoke (2010), â€Å"African spiritual traditions have historically held a central place in African American communalism (Mbiti, 1990) and were vital to survival during the time of slavery. In African and African American culture the concept of spirituality is inseparable from all other aspects of human experience. The spiritual and the physical are indistinguishable (Mbiti, 1990). A deep connection exists between humans, God, family, and group (Barrett, 1974). Spirituality is not compartmentalized into systematized beliefs and practices but woven into everyday experience (Boyd Franklin, 1989). The Black church is the primary means through which many African Americans express their religious and spiritual beliefs and values (Richardson June, 1997). This institution is a central force in African American childhood and adolescent identity and helps to shape ideas about what comprises community. † Many African American children have christen ceremonies for they can even walk or talk. African American families generally spend a substantial amount of time within their places of worship. Conclusion For review, the big questions the above research addressed were: †¢What are the primary cultural characteristics of this selected group? †¢How do the characteristics of this group impact its experience as a subculture in American society? †¢How might the cultural aspects of this group be applied to traditional psychological theory? †¢What are the implications of these characteristics for psychological theory and practice? We have found that the primary cultural characteristics of the African America culture are their history of slavery in America, distinct family and parenting practices, slavery based evolution of their language, and their dedicated religious beliefs. The characteristics of this group impact its experience as a subculture in American society by enticing others in to the culture and sparking curiosity around the world. African Americans make up a small percentage of the minority in America. However African American culture dominates the world of music, fashion, and professional sports. The cultural aspects of the African American group can be applied to traditional psychological theory when considering family dynamics, cultural perspectives, and how these aspects influence mental health. The implications of these characteristics for psychological theory and practice would focus on how the African American history of slavery in America influences their world view, how family and parenting practices mold their ideals of what a family should be, how religion influences their beliefs and actions, and how language distinguishes them from others and what psychological impact this has on them as a whole. For many years African-American culture developed separately from mainstream American culture, both because of slavery and the persistence of racial discrimination in America, as well as African-American slave descendants desire to create and maintain their own traditions. Today, African-American culture has become a significant part of American culture and yet, at the same time, remains a distinct cultural body. References Fife, J. , McCreary, M. , Kilgour, J. , Canter, D. , Adegoke, A. (2010). Self Identification Among African American and Caucasian College Students. College Student Journal, 44(4), 994. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Hall, G. C. N. (2010). Multicultural psychology (2nd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Medium. (2011). First Things First. Retrieved from http://firstthings. org/page/research/african-american-family-facts New York Daily Tribune, March 9, 1859 reprinted in Hart, Albert B. , American History Told by Contemporaries v. 4 (1928). Retrieved from http://eyewitnesstohistory. com Rydell, R. J. , Hamilton, D. L. , Devos, T. (2010). NOW THEY ARE AMERICAN, NOW THEY ARE NOT: VALENCE AS A DETERMINANT OF THE INCLUSION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE AMERICAN IDENTITY. Social Cognition, 28(2), 161-179. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

Tolerability and Haemodynamic Effects of NMES

Tolerability and Haemodynamic Effects of NMES Tolerability and haemodynamic effects of NMES in young healthy individuals Quinn C1, Cooke J1, Deegan B2, Breen P2, Hannigan A3, Dunne C3, Lyons G2 and Lyons D1. Introduction: Discomfort has been identified as a limiting factor for the use of surface NMES. Early implementation of NMES devices were so uncomfortable that they could only be used when the patient was under anaesthetic1. Furthermore, poor quality electrodes combined with monophasic waveforms often resulted in skin irritation and burns. Pambianco et al had to discontinue the NMES portion of the effects of heparin, intermittent pneumatic compression and NMES on DVT rates in stroke rehabilitation patients due to discomfort and skin blister formtion2. More recently the inclusion of microcontrollers in the design of NMES devices has allowed the implementation of precisely controlled waveforms and novel algorithms3. These waveforms and algorithms have significantly increased the comfort and tolerance of NMES users. Moreover the use of biphasic pulses, either asymmetric or symmetric has minimised ion redistribution and the subsequent risk of skin irritation and burns. Previous studies have examined patient perceptions of NMES. Alon et al. examined the effect of 4 different electrode sizes on excitatory responses (sensory, motor, pain and pain tolerance) on healthy participants and concluded that NMES comfort increases with increase in electrode size4. They also observed that increasing electrode size decreases the peak voltage corresponding to the excitatory levels. Clarke-Moloney et al assessed the comfort associated with and without NMES on patients with chronic venous insufficiency using a visual analogue scale (VAS)5. The authors found that the comfort categorical rating remained unchanged in all but one patient. This indicated that patients found NMES to be an acceptable therapy which could be significant in future studies involving NMES treatments for venous wound healing. Broderick et al. previously conducted a study involving healthy participants who underwent a 4 hour stimulation protocol6. Three participants indicated moderate discomfort and 7 only mild discomfort when NMES was commenced. By the end of the study, 2 participant’s scores increased to moderate while 2 other participant’s scores decreased to mild the remainder were unchanged. Kaplan et al. asked each healthy participant who received NMES of the calf or foot muscles to complete a questionnaire regarding the acceptance of NMES. Both groups found NMES to be comfortable and strongly felt they would use the NMES device if directed by their doctor7. More recently a study by Corley et al. demonstrated the use of a week-long NMES blood flow protocol in conjunction with compression stockings resulted in a high level of compliance and no reported adverse effects8. Our pilot study concluded that NMES may be useful in attenuating blood pressure drops in older subjects with OH. The asynchronous NMES setting demonstrated the most favourable haemodynamic response. The aims of this study were to assess tolerance and acceptability of both synchronous and asynchronous NMES settings in a young, healthy population during head-up tilt testing. A secondary objective was to assess the effect of both settings on haemodynamic parameters in this group. Methods: Subjects Healthy subjects (n=14) were recruited. Ten were male. The subjects’ medical history did not reveal any episodes of vasovagal syncope, cardiovascular diseases or any other morbidity. None of the subjects used any medication, and all subjects were non-smokers. Ethical Approval Ethical approval for this study was granted by University Hospital Limerick Research Ethics Committee. All subjects gave written consent to take part in the study. Tilt Protocol Subjects were asked to fast for a maximum of two hours beforehand. Studies were performed in a quiet syncope syncope laboratory room at ambient temperature (21-23 C). The tilt protocol was completed between 9am and 5pm. The study protocol included 3 Head-Up-Tilts (HUT) comprising asynchronous, synchronous settings and control. The order of each intervention was randomly assigned using closed envelope randomisation technique. HUT testing was performed using standardised conditions in accordance with the 1996 expert consensus document for all patients9. Subjects were required to rest in the supine position for five minutes prior to the onset of a 70 degree positive tilt. This was sustained for three minutes as per European Society of Cardiology guidelines10. Haemodynamic changes were recorded using non-invasive beat-to-beat digital artery photoplethysmography Finometer ® Pro Device (Finapres Medical Systems BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands www.finapres.com). Continuous cardiac monitoring was performed with three lead ECG (figure 2). OH was defined as a drop in systolic blood pressure of ≠¥ 20mmHg or in diastolic blood pressure of ≠¥ 10mmHg within three minutes of orthostasis10. The delta (or change) in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were rec orded in each subject at baseline and at the lowest point (nadir) for each HUT. Electrical stimulation protocol NMES was applied a custom built, two channel stimulator (Duo-STIM, Bioelectrics Research Cluster, NUI Galway)11. NMES was facilitated through the use of two 5 cmÃâ€"5 cm PALS self-adhesive, hypo-allergenic, skin surface electrodes (Nidd Valley Medical Limited, England) placed over the motor points of the soleus muscles of both legs of consenting patients12 (Figure 3). The stimulator was programmed to provide a pulse width of 350  µs, an inter-pulse interval of 100  µs, a frequency of 36 Hz, a contraction time of 1.2 second, a ramp up time of 500 ms and ramp down time of 300ms. This yielded stimulation amplitudes of 29.18  ± 4.2 V11. The stimulation parameters were selected at a level to achieve maximum blood flow while ensuring subject comfort. A series of test pulses were applied initially at a very low intensity to establish that the patient was comfortable with the sensation of electrical stimulation. The stimulus intensity was gradually increased until a noticeable contrac tion was observed for both legs, as indicated by a visible tightening of the soleus muscle or slight plantar flexion. Stimulation was applied alternatively to each leg with 3 second rest between contractions or synchronously to both legs with 3 second rest period at the onset of each HUT and continued for the three minute study duration. Duplex scanning Duplex Doppler ultrasound was used to monitor the subjects’ lower limb venous hemodynamic responses using a Siemens Sonoline Sienna ultrasound machine with a broadband array probe (Frequency 5 – 13 MHz). All measurements were performed by a single examiner. Blood flow measurements were taken from the popliteal vein at the lateral aspect of the knee (Fig. 1). Doppler ultrasound with angle correction not exceeding 600 was used and matched to the diameter of the popliteal vein. All measurements were taken from the right leg. Three measurements were taken per parameter and the average of these was used for analyses5, 13. Peak venous velocity was recorded from the popliteal vein. The Doppler machine’s own software was used to calculate venous volume flow (ml/min) by multiplying the average blood flow velocity by the cross-sectional area of the popliteal vein. Doppler measurements were taken at baseline and on assumption of the upright stance. Figure 1: Placement of ultrasound probe in popliteal fossa Figure 2: Screen shot of output from ultrasound software demonstrating venous blood flow and peak systolic velocity Comfort evaluation procedure At 2 time points (just after set-up of the NMES and at the end of the protocol), comfort was assessed by asking subjects to mark their level of comfort using a 100 mm, non-hatched visual-analogue scale (VAS). A VAS of 30 mm or less was categorised as mild pain, between 31 and 69 mm as moderate pain and scores of 70 mm or greater as severe pain. The minimum clinical significant difference (MCSD) in VAS was set as an increase in scores between test stages of 12mm14. At the end of the study, the patients were asked to complete a short verbal questionnaire. They were asked: To give a verbal categorical rating of the NMES treatment as very comfortable, comfortable, bearable or unbearable. To clarify preferred stimulation pattern. If they would consider NMES an acceptable form of treatment. Symptom recording Each subject was asked to mark the degree of symptoms encountered during the HUT using a 100 mm, non-hatched visual-analogue scale (VAS) once the tilt table had returned to the horizontal position. Statistical analysis Results: Discussion: Conclusion: Outcomes for tolerability study 1: Tolerability: Pain – pre and post change NMES sensation Acceptability Preference Symptoms 2: Haemodynamic parameters for each intervention: Delta SBP, DBP, HR, MAP, SV, CO TPR Peak systolic velocity Venous flow 3: Associations of presence of initial OH References: Browse NL, Negus D. Prevention of postoperative leg vein thrombosis by electrical muscle stimulation. An evaluation with 125 I-labelled fibrinogen. Br Med J 1970;3:615-618. Pambianco G, Orchard T, Landau P. Deep vein thrombosis: prevention in stroke patients during rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1995;76:324-330. Broderick B, Breen P, OLaighain G, Eelectrical stimulators for surface neural prosthesis. J Autom Control 2008;18:25-33. Alon G, Kantor G, Ho HS. Effects of electrode size on basic excitatory responses and on selected stimulus parameters. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1994;20:29-35. Clarke-Moloney M, Lyons GM, Breen P, Burke PE, Grace PA. Haemodynamic study examining the response of venous blood flow to electrical stimulation of the gastrocnemius muscle in patients with chronic venous disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2005;31:300-305. Broderick BJ, O’Brien DE, Breen PP, Kearns SR, OLaighin G. A pilot evaluation of a neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) based methodology for the prevention of venous stasis during bed rest. Med Eng Phys 2010;32:349-355. Kaplan RE, Czyrny JJ, Fung TS, Unsworth JD, Hirsh J. Electrical foot stimulation and implications for the prevention of venous thromboembolic disease. Thromb Haemost 2002;10:35-45. Corley CJ, Breen PP, Birlea S, Serrador JM, Grace PA, OLaighin G. Hemodynamic effects of habituation to a week-long program of neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Med Eng Phys 2012;34:459-456. Benditt DG, Ferguson DW, Grubb BP, et al. Tilt table testing for assessing syncope. American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28: 263-275. Brignole M, Alboni P, Benditt DG, et al. Guidelines on management (diagnosis and treatment) of syncope-update 2004. Executive Summary. Eur Heart J. 2004;25: 2054-2072. Breen PP, Corley CJ, O’Keeffe DT, Conway R, OLaighin G. A programmable and portable NMES device for foot drop correction and blood flow assist applications. Med Eng Phys 2009;31:400-4008. Baker LL, McNeal DR, Benton LA, Bowman BR, Waters RL. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation – A practical Guide. 3rd ed. Downey, California: Rancho Llos Amigos Research and Education Institute; 1993. Izumi M, Ikeuchi M, Mitani T, Taniguchi S, Tani T. Prevention of venous stasis in the lower limb by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2010;39:642-645. Kelly AM. The minimum clinically significant difference in visual analogue scale pain score does not differ with severity of pain. Emerg Med J 2001;18:205-207.

Strategic management and business policy module

Strategic management and business policy module 1 There were a number of concurrent changes in the VSM Group in the period 1997-2003, is the VSM Group still the same company? No the company has changed a lot with the arrival of the new CEO, new things has been introduced as: More people were involved in strategic sessions New mission statement Companion strategy High involvement of employees on different level Purchase of competitors added production capacity to the firm Processes have been directed towards strengthening the linkages between functional areas in the value chain. The physical relocation of the RD and marketing departments to the same building New programs for educating the retailers and customers on sewing and using the machines. Integrating technology (mainly on line) with the innovation of the new machines. 2 How would you describe the strategic capability of Viking Sewing Machines in 1997? In 2003? In 1997: The Company brought their managers of their major national sales companies as well as the marketing vice president into the top management; also there were changes in their operating systems New mission and documents brought different level together which added a broader sight Bringing the technical expertise and marketers together to come up with new innovations that meet customers needs. In 2003: New and exclusive dealers had been added. Two strong brands, Pfaff as a high quality brand, and Husqvarna as the family and innovative brand. Brno added add capacity of production to the company, which was cost efficient and added capacity to the production. They have expertise in the product development of the sewing machines industry 3 Are the core competences in 2003 more robust than in 1997? Definitely yes; there were more focus in the strategy and direction in 2003 They have better product development capabilities. Two strong brands. An IT company to develop their own technology work, thus controlling the embroidery market. Building linkages within the value chain. 4 What are the important factors in the macro-environment that influence VSM and its industry? Political The political situation might be influenced by the trade agreement between the States and the European origin products. Also, manufacturing in the Far East might have some regulations and extra taxations since these markets are flooding the world with lower priced products. Economic The economic situation is affected by the difference in currency of the different origin or production and consumer markets. To raise quality they might need to shift the factors from Far East to another location with higher pays. Also, Sales of low priced simple machines have increased, while more advanced machines showed steady sales. Social Clothes became cheaper so no need for sewing at home. More social activities emerged and resulted in less time afforded to sewing hobbies Technological This had the major contribution here due to: The high development of the internet usages and its spread; The power and reach of the new software. Enhancement of the senses and computerized motors to give better functionality to the machines. People (Customers) are more technologically driven and are up to date with innovations thus request the new and complicated models. Environmental Natural crisis as Tsunamis are threatening the Far East which might result in a cut of production and disturbance to the manufacturing flow. Legal It will depend on new regulation for this industry or in the industrial market as a whole 5 What are the forces of competition in the sewing machine industry? Five Forces analysis Competitive rivalry Moderate since there are moderate product innovation, and no real competition in the market through prices and addressing resellers. Low number of competitors covering the same segment There are some product differentiations in the complete products that depend on innovation Entry barrier Low, with some concern regarding the reach to the distribution channels that work exclusively with the other companies. There are some capital investment and know-how but its not a major one. Buyer power Buyers have high bargaining power due to low switching costs between brands since the industry is mature and there arent a lot of product differentiations for the general products. Supplier Power There arent any concentration in the supplier side , and the raw material are mainly general materials and the production and the RD at the VMS are covering the other parts , thus we see this as weak Substitutes Mostly this market have good quality machines and a lower cost ones from east Asia , thus they differ in price and quality , and switching cost is low , thus it will increase the threats for the normal machines , while complex computerized machines are limited in the market. From the above we dont see the market as attractive for new entrant since people tent more to buy cloths outside and have very attractive and affordable prices of clothes rather than creating their own. 6 What are the next strategic issues Viking will have to address? What strategic options might be considered? They need to maintain their technical leadership and managing the value chain. Also they need to manage their brands and their recent acquisitions. As for their next steps it should be to protect and build on their current successful position. They should work on increasing their customer orientation, RD, production, marketing, distribution in all parts of their value chain. Where the retailers have a major role in reaching their customer, which needs concentration and follow up on their training and supporting them , this will also place a good part of the attention on marketing and customers relationship management and VSM has transformed with the help of the new CEO from a product orientated company to a market oriented one. They also started to focus on selected customer segment to cover their needs; this is shown with the different targeting technique from their VMS and Pfaff line of machines, were they need to work on the innovation of products and services. The company has good attention to the acquisition of Emnet and software engineers computing companies. Where they need to build on their traditional strength and benefit from their product development, and the use of the new technology to add an edge for them in this industry m where the production have to be met with an aggressive and smart sales force . 7 How does the strategy of the VSM Group match its strategic capability with its environment? How did it change from 1997 to 2003? They need to concentrate on their existing resource positions and building on their new resources to capture a position on their selected market. VSM had many important recourses and competences that help them with their initial strategy building on their RD process and innovative production which have highlighted their brand , here they missed the importance of marketing and its power to play with the environmental factors to bring more success to the firm . And since the market was declining the way to survive was to concentrate on differentiation products that are high computerized. And mainly focus differentiation and top of the line models ,which needed to reach the customer with exclusive retailers and at prime locations , and took keep the flow of the experience they had trained the retailers to a level that represent them and keep a good relationship with the customers . Here they also created training programs for their end users of the machines and train them on professional ways and patterns of using these machines. Problem with their earlier value chain and not being able to have the benefit reach their clients due to the lack of the marketing control over retailers thus the new strategy was to fix this cut in the link in the value chain, another issue they were facing is the lack of communication between their RN and their marketing department, which the new CEO brought these department physical near each other to enhance this channels. Their new acquisition of their competitor Pfaff added new resources and a strong high end brand to the group, the thing now is how to manage their two brands since they compete in the same markets knowing that the perceived value and prices are not the sole player in the market, here they benefited from their technological edge and their high quality products in a clear market communication process to reach their desired customers segments each one by its own without affecting the flow and the strategy of the other brand. 8 The case starts with the arrival of the new CEO. What role did Mr. Runnquist play in the transformation of the company? How important is he for the future of the company? The New CEO defiantly added a lot to the organization and did a paradigm shift to their working culture, such as collaboration of a bigger audience in major decisions of the organization, educating employees, retailers and end users . He was under press since the company was newly sold to a new owner that expected revenues to jump , which made him shift the organization from production oriented to market oriented one to capture all aspects and react on them . Here the need for a new mission, vision and strategic document of the organization emerged , where he have going the forces from different departments to participate and build them , this of course included different levels of the organization to jump in these activity which have added some sense of commitment and ownership among all levels . Another major issue he worked on is the harmony and good level of communication in their value chain, working from the RD, production, marketing, Sales, retailer to the end customers. This helped in having all these level at the same level of professionalism and updated knowledge to better understand the products to be able to sell or buy them. He is very important for the continuity and the future challenges that will face VMS, he need to continually have an eye open for new channels and treats and benefit from this firms resources and capabilities building on their experiences to capture opportunity and turn around weakness and treats to bring more success to the firm, this of course implies that he might have another paradigm shift if it is needed. 9 At two points in time, the CEO of the VSM Group opens up a broad discussion on the strategic issues. What issues are discussed and why does he involve a larger group of the management on these issues? The first one was in 1997, when he joined the organization and need all level to be part of the new paradigm shift and mind set of the firm and be a part in creating their new mission. The second one was in 2000, after the acquisition of other firms team from outside the higher management was brought again to discuss the future of the firm and to gain legitimacy for the strategy ahead. The importance of this part was also to set all minds to a focused set of actions to deal with the two competing rand so as not to confuse the market and employees so and not to lose their corporate identity. It is important to participate a good audience to create commitment to the new strategic moves and create some sense of ownership among different level in the firm and push hard for the future and targets.

William Shakespeares Hamlet and Sophocles Oedipus the King Essay

William Shakespeare's Hamlet and Sophocles' Oedipus the King   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though Shakespeares’ Hamlet and Sophocles’ Oedipus the King were written in two different eras, echoes of the latter can be found in the former. The common theme of Hamlet and Oedipus the King is regicide. Also, like in Oedipus the King, there is a direct relationship between the state of the state and the state of their kings. Furthermore, there is also a relationship between Oedipus’ armed entrance into the bedroom in which Jocasta hanged herself, and Hamlet’s confrontation of Gertrude in her bedroom. Both plays share the emphasis on a tragic irony in the chain of events that lead up to ritual of catharsis, but the plot of Hamlet makes a much more complicated character than that of the classic Greek tragedy of Oedipus the King.  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sophocles’ Oedipus King and Shakespeare's Hamlet both contain the basic elements of tragedy, although the Shakespearean tragedy expanded its setting far beyond that of the ancient Greek tragedy. The tragic hero of Hamlet finds himself burdened with the task of avenging his father's death from the start of the play, and is not himself the source of the pollution of regicide, while Oedipus is of course the unwitting fashioner of his own doom, which is unveiled to him through recognition and repentance. Sophocles has Oedipus foretelling his own tragedy when speaking to the people of Thebes. The city suffers as a result of Oedipus’pride, and irony is shown when Oedipus suggest that by avenging Laius he will protect himself, or that by getting children upon Jocasta, the dead king's wife, he will be taking the place of the son of Laius, which, unknowingly, is himself. â€Å"I will bring it all to light... I shall rid us of this pollution, not for the sake of a distant relative, but for my own sake (Knox, 10).† The irony reaches its peak when Oedipus calls on the prophet Tiresias to help uncover the murder of Laius and seek an cure to the plague; the metaphor of vision is ironic in that the blind Tiresias can see what the seemingly brilliant Oedipus has overlooked, namely the king's crimes of incest and murder. â€Å"You are the murderer, you are the unholy defilement of this land(Knox, 23).† Tiresias goes on to say â€Å"I say that without knowing it you are living in shameful intimacy with your nearest and dearest. You do not see th e evil in which you live (K... ....† It was Gertrude’s subsequent reaction that led to the pivotal moment when Hamlet kills Polonius. The murder of Polonius was completely impetuous. Hamlet went from pondering murder to actually committing murder. When he does so it is not the actual act that is insane, but his lack of emotion which is. Scarcely acknowledging what he has just done, he continues preaching to Gertrude, and accuses her of plotting to murder his father. â€Å"With tristful visage, as against the doom, Is thought-sick at the act (Act 3, Scene 4).† After an elongated interrogation which sounded more like an S&M chat, we begin to realize Gertrude’s’s guilt for marrying Claudius, as well as her innocence in the actual plot to murder the King. It is only after the reappearance of the apparition that Hamlet begins to ease up on his mother.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hamlet and Oedipus the King though quite different, have a lot in common. They are the similar from an oedipal perspective, as well as having in common the element of madness. Though many would have a problem putting Shakespeare in the same category as Sophocles, it is not difficult to place their works, Hamlet Oedipus the King respectively, in the same category.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Dreaming of Home Essay -- Personal Narrative Descriptive Dreams Essays

Dreaming of Home Everyday, after waking up, I realized that I had been dreaming about home again. I lay staring at the ceiling for a moment or two. Then, dragging myself from the bed, I walked to the window and threw open the curtains. The wide open space of the New Mexico high desert stared back blankly at me. The cobalt blue skies, peach colored Sandia Mountains and endless waves of sagebrush and juniper stood in stark contrast to my dreamscape. For the past eight years, my first view of the day was this one. But today was different. Today, I was going home. I grew up in Dublin in the 1970s. To understand how that shaped the person I am today, you have to understand something about Ireland at that time. It has been said by someone a lot more insightful, and perhaps more cynical than me, that the 1960s didn't reach Ireland until about 1975. So I grew up in a time of great change, where the old social norms were being challenged and cast aside. Of course, in my growing years, I didn't always understand this. I viewed Dublin through the eyes of a child. I led a fairly sheltered existence, the eldest of seven children. My parents were country people and had moved here after the birth of my first sibling, Paul. My father worked in the construction industry and construction jobs were much more plentiful here than in the backwaters of Wicklow where he was born and bred. My mother was from the West, born in County Clare and was the daughter of a farm laborer. Her father, Patrick Murray, had moved where the work was too, and had ended up settling and eventually retiring in Wicklow. This was where my parents met and where I had come into being. Our days in Dublin were regularly punctuated by trips to the country to visit my gr... ... We were old friends and lovers, learning that what it was to know one another again and tentatively finding our way back into each others lives. I still love Dublin, but I realize now that I love it despite itself and not because of itself. I think, perhaps, that is how it's always been. And a strange thing happened. I awoke one morning to find myself back in my bedroom, back in New Mexico. My wife lay sleeping beside me, lost in her own dreams. The house was quiet. I walked once more to the window and opened those curtains. The room was immediately filled with warm, brilliant sunlight. The sky was that same fantastic shade of blue and the Sandia Mountains glistened as ever in the early morning light. I gazed out across the waves of sagebrush and juniper and realized I had not dreamed of home. Looking back to where my wife lay sleeping, I realized I was home.

Fool Chapter 16

SIXTEEN A STORM RISING The storm blew in during the night. I was eating my breakfast in the kitchen when a row erupted in the courtyard. I heard Lear bellow and left to attend him, leaving my porridge with Drool. Kent intercepted me in the corridor. â€Å"So the old man lived through the night?† said I. â€Å"I slept at his door,† said Kent. â€Å"Where were you?† â€Å"Trying to see two princesses ruthlessly shagged and starting a civil war, thank you, and with no proper supper, neither.† â€Å"Fine feast,† said Kent. â€Å"Ate till I nearly burst just to see the king went unpoisoned. Who is bloody St. Stephen, anyway?† Then I saw Oswald coming down the corridor. â€Å"Good Kent, go see that the daughters don't kill the king, and that Cornwall doesn't kill Edmund, and that the sisters don't kill each other, and if you can help it, don't kill anyone. It's too early for killing.† Kent hurried off as Oswald reached me. â€Å"So,† said Oswald, â€Å"you lived through the night?† â€Å"Of course, why wouldn't I?† I asked. â€Å"Well, because I told Cornwall of your rendezvous with Regan and I expected him to slay you.† â€Å"Oh for fuck's sake, Oswald, show a little guile, would you? The state of villainy in this castle is rubbish, what with Edmund being pleasant and you being straightforward. What's next, Cornwall starts feeding orphans while bloody bluebirds fly out of his bum? Now, let's try it again, see if you can at least keep up a pretense of evil. Go.† â€Å"So, you lived through the night?† said Oswald. â€Å"Of course, why wouldn't I?† I asked. â€Å"Oh, no reason, I was worried about you.† I clouted Oswald on the ear with Jones. â€Å"No, you nitwit, I'd never believe you're concerned for my welfare – you're a right weasel, aren't you?† He made to reach for his sword and I hit his wrist a vicious blow with Jones's stick end. The villain leapt back and rubbed his bruised wrist. â€Å"Despite your incompetence, our agreement stands. I need you to consult with Edmund. Give him this letter from Regan.† I handed him the letter I'd written at first light. Regan's hand was easy to duplicate. She dotted her i's with hearts. â€Å"Don't break the seal, it professes her devotion for him, but instructs him to show no outward affection for her. You must also caution him against showing any deference to your lady Goneril in front of Regan. And because I know the intrigue confuses you, let me map out your interest here. Edmund will dispatch your Lord Albany, thus releasing your lady to other affections, only then will we reveal to Cornwall that Edmund has cuckolded him with Regan, and the duke will dispatch the bastard, at which time, I will cast the love spell on Goneril, sending her into your own ferrety arms.† â€Å"You could be lying. I tried to have you killed. Why would you help me?† â€Å"Excellent question. First, I, unlike you, am not a villain, therefore I can be expected to proceed with a modicum of integrity. And, second, I wish to visit revenge on Goneril for how she has treated me, her younger sister, Cordelia, and King Lear. I can think of no better punishment for her than pairing her with the man-shaped tower of excrement that is yourself.† â€Å"Oh, that's reasonable,† said Oswald. â€Å"Off you go, then. See that Edmund doesn't show deference.† â€Å"I might slay him myself, for violating my lady.† â€Å"No, you won't, you're a coward. Or had you forgotten?† Oswald started to quiver then with anger, but he did not try to reach for his sword. â€Å"Run along, mate, Pocket's got a bumload of foolin' yet to do.† A randy hand of wind groped the courtyard, sending the sisters' skirts tossing and snapping their hair in their faces. Kent crouched and clung to his great broad-brimmed hat to keep it from being carried away. The old king held his fur cape tight around him and squinted against the dust, while the Duke of Cornwall and Earl of Gloucester stood by the great gate for shelter – the duke content, it seemed, to let his duchess do the talking. I was relieved to see that Edmund was not in attendance, so I danced into the courtyard, bells a-jingle, song in heart. â€Å"Hi ho!† said I. â€Å"Everyone get a proper bonking for the Saturnalia, did they?† The two sisters looked at me blankly, as if I might have been speaking Chinese or dog, and they had not, overnight, each received rousing repeated bonkings from an enormous donkey-donged nitwit. Gloucester looked down, embarrassed, I suppose, over abandoning his own pantheon for St. Stephen, and a wholly bollocks holy holiday feast. Cornwall sneered. â€Å"Ah,† said I. â€Å"Then a crispy biscuit baby Jesus cornu-bloody-copia of Christmas cheer, was it? Silent night, camels and wise men – frankenstein, gold, and myrrh all around then?† â€Å"Sodding Christian harpies want to take away my knights,† said Lear. â€Å"I've already lost half my train to you, Goneril, I'll not lose the rest.† â€Å"Oh, yes, sire,† said I. â€Å"Christianity is their fault. I forgot that the wind blew out of a pagan sky for you today.† Regan stepped forward then, and yes, she was walking a bit bow-legged. â€Å"Why do you need to keep fifty men, Father? We've plenty of servants to tend to you.† â€Å"And,† said Goneril, â€Å"they will be under our charge, so there will be no discord within the walls of our homes.† â€Å"I'm of my sister's mind on this,† said Regan. â€Å"You're always of your sister's mind,† said Lear. â€Å"An original thought would crack your feeble skull like a thunderbolt, you craven vulture.† â€Å"That's the spirit, sire,† said I. â€Å"Treat them like bins of used nappies and watch them come around. A wonder they've turned out so delightful with fathering of that quality.† â€Å"Take them, then, you flesh-tearing harpies! Would that I could drag your mother from her tomb and accuse her of most grievous adultery, for you cannot be issue from my loins and treat me so.† I nodded and lay my head on Goneril's shoulder. â€Å"Evidently the adultery comes from Mum's side of the family, pumpkin – the bitterness and stunning bosoms are from Papa.† She pushed me aside, despite my wisdom. Lear was losing all control now, trembling as he shouted impotently at his daughters, looking weaker and more slight with every word. â€Å"Hear me, gods! If it be you that stir these daughters' hearts against their father, then touch me with noble anger, and stain not my man's cheeks with women's weapons, the water drops.† â€Å"Those aren't tears on your cheeks, nuncle,† said I. â€Å"It's raining.† Gloucester and Cornwall looked away, embarrassed for the old man. Kent had his hands on the king's shoulders and was trying to lead him gently out of the rain. Lear shrugged him off and stormed up to his daughters. â€Å"You unnatural hags! I will have such revenges on you both that the world – er, I will do such things that I don't even know yet, but they will be horrible – the very terrors of the earth! But I'll not weep! I'll not. Even if my heart shall break into a hundred thousand shards, I shall not weep. O fool, I shall go mad!† â€Å"Aye, nuncle, smashing good start you're off to.† I tried to put an arm around Lear's shoulders, but he elbowed me away. â€Å"Rescind your orders, harpies, or I shall leave this house.† He made for the great gate. â€Å"It is for your own good, Father,† said Goneril. â€Å"Now, cease this ranting and come inside.† â€Å"I gave you all!† screeched Lear, waving a palsied claw at Regan. â€Å"And you took your bloody time giving it, too, you senile old fuck,† said Regan. â€Å"She came up with that one all on her own, nuncle,† said I, looking on the bright side. â€Å"I will go,† threatened Lear, another step toward the gate. â€Å"I'm not having you on. I'll head right out that door.† â€Å"Pity,† said Goneril. â€Å"Shame, really,† said Regan. â€Å"Here I go. Right out that gate. Never to return. All alone.† â€Å"Ta,† said Goneril. â€Å"Au revoir,† said Regan, in nearly perfect fucking French. â€Å"I mean it.† The old man was actually through the gate now. â€Å"Close it,† said Regan. â€Å"But, lady, it's not fit for man nor beast out there,† said Gloucester. â€Å"Fucking close it!† said Goneril. She ran forward and pushed the great iron lever by the gatehouse with all her might. The heavy, iron-clad portcullis slammed down, the points just missing the old king as they set in the ports a foot deep in the stone. â€Å"I'll go,† said Lear, through the grate. â€Å"Don't think I won't.† The sisters left the courtyard for the shelter of the castle. Cornwall followed them and called for Gloucester to come along. â€Å"But this storm,† said Gloucester, watching his old friend through the bars. â€Å"No one should be out in this storm.† â€Å"He brought it on himself,† said Cornwall. â€Å"Now, come along, good Gloucester.† Gloucester pulled himself away from the grate and followed Cornwall into the castle, leaving just Kent and me standing in the rain in only our woolen cloaks. Kent looked tortured over the old man's fate. â€Å"He's alone, Pocket. It's not even noon and the sky is as dark as midnight. Lear is outside and alone.† â€Å"Oh buggering bugger,† said I. I looked at the chains leading up to the top of the gatehouse, the beams that protruded from the walls, the crenellations at the top to protect the archers. Damn the anchoress and Belette for my monkey-training as an acrobat. â€Å"I'll go with him. But you have to hide Drool from Edmund. Talk to the laundress with the smashing knockers, she'll help. She fancies the lad, no matter what she says.† â€Å"I'll go get help to crank up the gate,† said Kent. â€Å"Not to worry. You look after the Natural, and watch your back for Edmund and Oswald. I'll return with the old man when I can.† And with that I shoved Jones down the back of my jerkin, ran and leapt onto the massive chain, spidered up it hand over hand, swung up onto one of the beams that protruded from the stone above, then hopped from beam to beam until I could find a handhold in the stone – and scurried up another story to the top of the wall. â€Å"Sorry sodding fortress,† I shouted to Kent with a wave. In a wink I was over the wall and down the drawbridge chains on the other side to the ground below. The old man was already at the gates of the walled village, nearly disappearing amid the rain, tottering out onto the heath in his fur cape, looking like an ancient sodden rat.

Lamarsh Solution Chap7

LAMARSH SOLUTIONS CHAPTER-7 PART-1 7. 1 Look at example 7. 1 in the textbook,only the moderator materials are different Since the reactor is critical, k ? ? ? T f ? 1 ?T ? 2. 065 from table 6. 3 so f ? 0. 484 We will use t d ? t dM (1 ? f ) and t dM from table 7. 1 t dM,D2O ? 4. 3e ? 2; t dM,Be ? 3. 9e ? 3; t dM,C ? 0. 017 Then, t d,D2O =0. 022188sec;t d,Be =2. 0124e-3sec;t d,C ? 8. 772e ? 3sec 7. 5 One? delayed? neutron group reactivity equation; ?lp 1 ? ?lp ? ? ? where ? ? 0. 0065; ? ? 0. 1sec? 1 1 ? ?lp ? ? ? For lp ? 0. 0sec For lp ? 0. 0001sec For lp ? 0. 001sec Note:In this question examine the figure 7. and see that to give a constant period value ,say 1 sec,you should give much more reactivity as p. neutron lifet ime increases. And it is strongl recommended that before exam,study figure 7. 1 . 7. 8 ? ? 2e ? 4 from figure 7. 2 so you can ignore jump in power(flux) in this positive reactivity insertion situation t P Pf ? Pi e T then t=ln f ? T ? 3. 456hr Pi 7. 10 In eq 7. 19 p rompt neutrons:(1-? )k ? ? a ? T delayed neutrons:p? C ? in a critical reactor(from 7. 21) ?k ? ? dC ? 0 ? C ? ? a T ? p? C ? ? k ? ? a ? T dt p? ? s T ? (1-? )k ? ? a ? T ? ? k ? ? a ? T ? ? ? prompt delayedNow you can compare their values prompt (1-? ) ? delayed ? LAMARSH SOLUTIONS CHAPTER-7 PART-2 7. 12 P0? t 1 P(t) ? e in here ? ? then, and ? ? T t P0 T P(t) ? e in here take T=-80sec ? 1? ? t ? P0 P0 ? 10 ? e 80 ? t ? 25. 24 min . 1 ? (? 5) ?9 7. 14 k ? ,0 ? pf 0 ,critical state k ? ,1 ? pf1 ,original state k ? ,1 ? 1 k ? ,1 ? k ? ,1 ? k ? ,0 k ? ,1 ? pf1 ? pf 0 f ? 1? 0 pf1 f1 ?a1F ?a 0 F f1 ? F f0 ? and we know ? a1F =0. 95 ? a 0 F and finally, M F M ? a1 ? ? a ?a 0 ? ?a f0 1 0. 95? a 0 F ? ?a M 1? ? 1? ( ) f1 0. 95 ? a 0 F ? ?a M 7. 16 20 min? 60sec/ min ? 1731. 6sec. ln 2 )From fig 7. 2 rectivity is small so small reactivity assumption can be used as, 1 1 T= ? ?i t i ? ? 0. 0848(from table 7. 3)=4. 89e-5=4. 89e-3% ?i 1731. 6 4. 89e-5 also in dollars= ? 7. 52e ? 3$ ? 0. 752cents 0. 0065(U235) t T a)2P0 ? P0e ? T ? 7. 17 8hr ? 60 min? 60sec 8hr ? 60 min? 60sec ?T? ? 6253. 8sec(very large) T ln100 b)We will make small reactivity insertion approximation using the insight given by figure 7. 2 for U-235 so, 1 1 T= ? ?i t i ? ? 0. 0324(from table 7. 3)=5. 18e-6 ?i 6253. 8 a)100MW ? 1MWe 7. 18 a)From fig 7. 1 when ? ? 0 ? 1 ? 0 so T= 1 ?T ?1 b)Use prompt jump approximation, t tP0? T P0 T 10watts (300? 100)sec P(t)= e? e? e 100sec ? 82watts ? 0. 099 1? 1? ? 1 c)Use T=-80sec. 300)sec t t P0? T P0 T 82watts ? (t ? 80sec P(t)= e? e? e ? 8 1? 1 ? (? ) ? 1 LAMARSH SOLUTIONS CHAPTER-7 PART-3 7. 20 Insert 7. 56 into 7. 57 and plot reactivity vs rod radius Using eq. 7. 57 and 7. 56 we plotted and found the radius value for 10% reactivity=3. 9 cm reactivity vs rod radius(a) 0. 14 0. 12 X: 3. 9 Y: 0. 1004 reactivity 0. 1 0. 08 0. 06 0. 04 0. 02 0 0 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 rod radius 3 3. 5 4 4. 5 5 7. 23 a)For a slab this equation is solved you know as, x xq ?T (x) ? A1 sinh( ) ? A 2 cosh( ) ?T then to find the constants you must introduce L L ? a 2 boundary conditions 1 d? T 1 d? T 1 B. C. 1: ? 0 @ x=0 and B. C. 2: ? ? @ x=(m/2)-a ?T dx ?T dx d Introducing B. C. 1 you find A1 ? 0 and B. C. 2 x ? ? cosh( ) ? ? q L A2=- T ? 1 ? ? d ?a ? sinh((m ? 2a) / 2L) ? cosh((m ? 2a) / 2L) ? ?L ? So finally, x ? ? cosh( ) ? ? qT L ?T (x) ? ?1 ? ? d ?a ? sinh((m ? 2a) / 2L) ? cosh((m ? 2a) / 2L) ? ?L ? b) Neutron current density at the blade surface, d? L J @(m/2)-a ? ? D T ? d dx @(m/2)-a ? coth((m ? 2a) / 2L) L Let ‘s follow the instructions in the question Multiply the n. current density by the area of the blades in the cell†¦ –What is the area of the blades in the cell: From fig 7. 9,assume unit depth into the page so the cross sectional area of one of four blades, A=(l-a) ? 1 Divide by the total number of neutrons thermalizing per second in the cell —What is the volume of the cell: From fig 7. 9,assume unit depth into t he page so V=(m-2a) ? (m ? 2a) ? 1 So as in page 358 4(l ? a) 1 fR ? 2 (m ? 2a) d ? coth((m ? 2a) / 2L) L 7. 25 You should find the B-10 average atom density in the reactor Total mass of B-10=50rods ? 500g=25 ? 103g 25e3 N? ? 0. 6022e24 ? 1. 39e27atoms 10. 8 Atom density averaged over whole reactor volume, 1. 39e27 NB ? ? 2. e21 atoms/cm3 ? ? aB ? 2. 9e21? 0. 27b ? 7. 8e ? 4cm ? 1 4 ?(48. 5)3 3 7. 8e ? 4 ? use eq. 7. 62 then find,? w ? ? 0. 0938 ? 9. 4% 0. 00833 ? 0. 000019 7. 27 H ? 100cm and ? ? 0. [email  protected] x ? H a) For x ? 3H / 4 ? 75cm 1 ?x ? ? Sin(2? x / H ) ? ? (3H / 4) ? ?0. 4545$ ? H 2? ? so the positive reactivity insertion is -0. 4545$-(-0. 5$)=0. 04545$ ( x) ? ( H ) ? b) The rate of reactivity per cm can be found by differentiating the reactivity equation over the distance. ?1 1 ? d ( x) d ? 1 ?x ? ? ( H ) ? ? Sin(2? x / H ) ? ? ? ( H ) ? ? Cos(2? x / H ) ? dx dx ? ?H H ? ? H 2? ? d ( x) ? 0. 005$ / cm ? 0. cent / cm dx x ? 3H / 4 7. 31 There is a de crease in T so let’s examine the effects of sign of temperature coefficients, If ? T ? (? ) decrease in T ? decrease in k ? reduces P ? gives further dec. in k ? shut down(unstable) If ? T ? (? ) decrease in T ? increase in k ? increase in P ? inc. in T and finally reactor returns to its original state! (stable) 7. 33 ? N FVF I ? p ? exp ? ? ? ? ? M ? sM VM ? I: Resonance Integral ? sM : Scattering Cross-Section of Moderator ? M : Constant 2a ? 1. 5 ? a ? 0. 75 (rod radius) dI I (300 K ) ? 1 ? ? I (T ) ? I (300 K )(1 ? ?1 ( T ? T0 )) dT 2T I (T ) ? ? ? sM ? M VM ln p N FVF T ? T0 ?I (T ) ? I (T0 ) ? ?k ln 0. 912 ? 0. 0921k where k ? ? sM ? M VM N FVF For slightly enriched uranium dioxide reactor take ? ? 10. 5 g / cm3 (See Chapter 6). ?1 ? A? ? C? / a? where A? ? 61? 10? 4 and C? ? 2. 68 ? 10? 2 (Table 7. 4) ? ?1 ? 0. 009503 T ? 665? C (? 938K ) ? I (T ) ? I (T0 )(1 ? 13. 31* ? 1 ) ? 1. 1264I (T0 ) ? I (T ) ? 0. 0921? 1. 1264 ? k ? 0. 1037k ?1 ? ?k ? [email  protected] 665o C ? exp ? ? I (T ) ? ? exp ? ? 0. 1037 ? ? 0. 9014 ? k ? ?k ? 7. 34 70 F ? 210C 550 F ? 287 0C d ? ?T ? ? ? ? (287 ? 21) ? ?2 ? 10? 5 0C dT ? T where ? =0. 0065 ?1 ? ? 5. 32e ? 3 ? ?0. 532% ? ?0. 81$ 7. 37 First you should solve problem 7. 6 to find the fraction of expelled water, 575F ? 301 0 C 585F ? 307 C 0 Vvessel ? 6 0 C increase in T ?D 2 ? ? 6. 5m3 ? Vwater ? v 0 ? 3. 25m3 4 ?v ? ? v ? T ? ?v ? 3. 25m3 ? 3e ? 3 ? 6 0 C ? 5. 85e ? 2m3 v0 ?v ? 0. 018 v0 Then find f after expelling, k ? ,0 ? pf 0 ,critical state k ? ,1 ? pf1 ,original state k ? ,1 ? 1 k ? ,1 ? k ? ,1 ? k ? ,0 k ? ,1 ? pf1 ? pf 0 f ? 1? 0 pf1 f1 ? a1F ?a 0 F f0 ? and we know ? a1F =0. 95 ? a 0 F and finally, F M F M ? a1 ? ? a ?a 0 ? ?a f1 ? f0 1 0. 95? a 0 F ? ? a M 1? ? 1? ( ) f1 0. 95 ? a 0 F ? ? a M f0 ? ?a F ?a F ? ?a M f? in here f 0 ? 0. 682 so ?a F ? a F ? 1 ? ?)? a M ?a M 1 ? ? 1 ?a F f0 so f? 1 1 1 ? 0. 0982 ? ( ? 1) f0 ? 0. 956 f-f 0 ? 0. 287 f 0. 287 Finally, ? T (f ) ? ? 0 ? 0. 0478per 0 C ?T 6C Then = LAMARSH SOLUTIONS CHAPTER-7 PART-4 7. 39 The reactivity equivalent of equilibrium xenon is to be; ? ? I ? ? X ? T where ? X ? 0. 770 ? 1013 / cm2 ? sec and ? X ? 0. 00237 and ? I ? 0. 0639 ? p? ?X ? ?T ? ? 2. 42 and p ? ? ? 1 0 -0. 005 reactivity -0. 01 -0. 015 -0. 02 X: 4. 8 Y: -0. 02695 -0. 025 -0. 03 0 0. 5 1 1. 5 Note the convergence †¦.. 2 2. 5 3 thermal flux x 1e14 3. 5 4 4. 5 5 7. 42 For Xenon using eq. 7. 94 X? ? (? I ? ? X )? f ? T ?X ? ? aX ? T here ? I ? 6. 39e ? 2 and ? X ? 2. 37e ? 3 (from table 7. 5) ? X ? 2. 09e ? 5 (from table 7. 6) You should make a correction to the thermal absorption cross section as follows, ? 20 0. 5 ) 2 200 ? aX (200? C ) ? 0. 886 ? 1. 236 ? 2. 65e6 ? 1e ? 24 ? 0. 316 ? a,X ? ? g aXe (200 0C ) ? ? a,X (20 0C ) ? ( ? aX (200? C ) ? 9. 17e ? 19cm 2 ? 9. 17e5b finally, X? ? 0. 06627 ? ? f ? 1e13 2. 09e ? 5 ? 9. 17e5b ? 1e13 For Samarium using eq. 7. 94 S? ? ? P ?f ? aX where ? P ? 0. 01071 ? 20 0. 5 ) 2 200 ? aX (200? C ) ? 0. 886 ? 2. 093 ? 41e3 ? 1e ? 24 ? 0. 316 ? a,S ? S ? g a (200 0C ) ? ? a,S (20 0C ) ? ( ? aX (200? C ) ? 2. 9e4b finally, S? ? 0. 01071 ?f 2. 39e4b Note:When finding fission cross sections you should find the atom density of uranium 235 for this infinite thermal reactor. To do this ,refer to example 6. 5 on page 294 taking buckling zero and find a relation between moderator number density and fuel density. 7. 43 Using eq. 7. 98 0. 06627 1e13 ? 2. 42 1e13 ? 0. 773e13 where p=? =1 0. 01071 2. 42 ? Xe ? ? ? Sm 7. 44 First of all, we must write the rate equations for each element; dN Sm ? Sm N Sm ? ? a Sm N Sm? T ? ? Sm ? f ? T dt dN Eu ? ? Sm N Sm ? ? Eu N Eu ? ? a Eu N Eu? T dt dN Gd ? ? Eu N Eu ? ? a Gd N Gd? T dt ) For equilibrium reactivity; N (t ) ? N (t ? dt ) ? Xi Xi and ignore ? a Sm N Sm? T & ? a Eu N Eu? T Inserted into all rate equations; N Sm ? Sm ? f ? T ? ? Sm dN X i (t ) ?0 dt ? Sm N Sm ? ? Eu N Eu ?a N Gd Gd ? Eu N Eu ? ?T Reactivity equation is found as below; where ? a Gd / ? f p ? Sm p ? Sm ? 7 ? 10? 5 and ? ? 2. 42 and ? ? p ? 1 ? ? ? ? 2. 893 ? 10? 5 b) 157 Sm decays rapidly relative to 157 Eu and half-life of the 157 Sm is too small so, dN Sm ? 0 ? Sm N Sm ? ? Sm? f ? T ? ? Sm N Sm ? ? Sm? f ? T dt This equation is inserted into rate equation of 157 Eu and 157 Gd ; dN Eu ? ? Sm ? f ? T ? Eu N Eu dt dN Gd (t ) ? ? Eu N Eu ? ? a Gd N Gd? T dt Gd At shutdown ? N0Eu & N0 are equal to equilibrium concentration for 157 Eu and 157Gd . ? No fission & no absorption is observed. From rate equation of From rate equation of Eu ? N 157 157 Gd Eu ?N Eu ? ? Eu t 0 (t ) ? N e Gd (t ) ? N Gd 0 ? Sm ? f ? T Eu t ? e ? Eu ? Sm ? f ? T Eu ? (1 ? e t ) ? Eu From equilibrium of Gd ? N 157 Gd 0 ? Sm ? f ? ? a Gd ? Sm ? f ? Sm ? f ? T Eu ? N (t ) ? ? (1 ? e t ) ? a Gd ? Eu Gd Maximum reactivity is reached at time goes to infinity! Gd ? N max (t ? ?) ? ? Sm? f ( ? a Gd / ? f p 1 ?a ? ?T ) ? Eu Gd Sm where ? a ? ? f (1 ? ?T ? a Gd ? ? ? (1 ? ) /? ? Eu Sm Gd where ?T ? a Gd ) ? Eu ? Eu ? 1. 162 ? 10? 5 s ? ? ? ? 4. 386 ? 10? 5 ? ?0. 675cents 7. 47 a) For constant power; P ? ER ? ? fF (r , t )? T (r , t )dV V So as N decreases ,flux should increase to keep power constant, dN F (t ) ? ? N F (t )? aF ? T (t ) (1) dt P ? ER ? fF (t )? T (t ), ? fF (t ) ? N F (t )? aF N F (t )? T (t ) ? N F (0)? T (0) ? constant integrating (1) between 0,t we get, N F (t ) ? N F (0) ? ? N F (0)? aF ? T (0)t ? N F (t ) ? N F (0)[1 ? ? aF ? T (0)t ] b) P ? ER ? fF (t )? T (t ) ?T (t ) ? P ER? fF 1 P 1 ? N F (t ) ER? fF N F (0)[1 ? ? aF ? T (0)t ]